Effects of fire retardants on the pyrolysis of Pinus halepensis needles using microscopic techniques

Tzamtzis, N; Pappa, A; Statheropoulos, M; Fasseas, C

dc.contributor.author	Tzamtzis, N	en
dc.contributor.author	Pappa, A	en
dc.contributor.author	Statheropoulos, M	en
dc.contributor.author	Fasseas, C	en
dc.date.accessioned	2014-03-01T01:17:46Z
dc.date.available	2014-03-01T01:17:46Z
dc.date.issued	2002	en
dc.identifier.issn	01652370	en
dc.identifier.uri	https://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/14659
dc.subject	Fire retardants	en
dc.subject	Light microscopy	en
dc.subject	Pine needles	en
dc.subject	Pinus halepensis	en
dc.subject	Pyrolysis	en
dc.subject	Stereoscopy	en
dc.subject.other	Degradation	en
dc.subject.other	Flame retardants	en
dc.subject.other	Optical microscopy	en
dc.subject.other	Phosphates	en
dc.subject.other	Fire-retardant needles	en
dc.subject.other	Pyrolysis	en
dc.title	Effects of fire retardants on the pyrolysis of Pinus halepensis needles using microscopic techniques	en
heal.type	journalArticle	en
heal.identifier.primary	10.1016/S0165-2370(01)00147-4	en
heal.identifier.secondary	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2370(01)00147-4	en
heal.publicationDate	2002	en
heal.abstract	Two microscopic techniques, transmission light microscopy (LM) and stereoscopy, were used for studying the effect of fire retardants on the pyrolysis of Pinus halepensis needles. Pure (NH4)2HPO4 and a commercial product (Fire Trol), based on polyphosphates as the active chemical retardant, were tested as fire retardants. With increasing pyrolysis temperature, the loss of the cuticle layer, the cracking of the epidermal cells, the clarification of the inner part and the degradation of the lignin content of the needles were observed by LM. LM showed that all these phenomena were accelerated (shifted to lower temperatures) in those treated with fire-retardant needles compared with the untreated ones. Stereoscopy was used for monitoring changes on the external surface of the pyrolyzed needles such as changes concerning the retardant itself and the tar and char formation. It appeared that, in the presence of the retardants, tar and char formed at lower pyrolysis temperatures and at a greater extent compared with the untreated needles. In all cases studied, the commercial product appeared to be more effective than the pure (NH4)2HPO4. The recorded observations were associated with the chemical and physical phenomena occurring during the pyrolysis procedure and the theory of the fire retardation action of the chemicals. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.	en
heal.journalName	Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis	en
dc.identifier.doi	10.1016/S0165-2370(01)00147-4	en
dc.identifier.volume	63	en
dc.identifier.issue	1	en
dc.identifier.spage	147	en
dc.identifier.epage	156	en