Advanced Byzantine cement based composites resisting earthquake stresses: The crushed brick/lime mortars of Justinian's Hagia Sophia

Moropoulou, A; Cakmak, AS; Biscontin, G; Bakolas, A; Zendri, E

dc.contributor.author	Moropoulou, A	en
dc.contributor.author	Cakmak, AS	en
dc.contributor.author	Biscontin, G	en
dc.contributor.author	Bakolas, A	en
dc.contributor.author	Zendri, E	en
dc.date.accessioned	2014-03-01T01:17:25Z
dc.date.available	2014-03-01T01:17:25Z
dc.date.issued	2002	en
dc.identifier.issn	0950-0618	en
dc.identifier.uri	https://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/14526
dc.subject	Bricks	en
dc.subject	Cement	en
dc.subject	Composites	en
dc.subject	Earthquakes	en
dc.subject	Lime mortar	en
dc.subject.classification	Construction & Building Technology	en
dc.subject.classification	Materials Science, Multidisciplinary	en
dc.subject.other	Brick	en
dc.subject.other	Data reduction	en
dc.subject.other	Earthquake resistance	en
dc.subject.other	Energy absorption	en
dc.subject.other	Lime	en
dc.subject.other	Mass spectrometry	en
dc.subject.other	Microstructure	en
dc.subject.other	Mortar	en
dc.subject.other	Natural frequencies	en
dc.subject.other	Stresses	en
dc.subject.other	Structural analysis	en
dc.subject.other	Transmission electron microscopy	en
dc.subject.other	Cement based composites	en
dc.subject.other	Cements	en
dc.title	Advanced Byzantine cement based composites resisting earthquake stresses: The crushed brick/lime mortars of Justinian's Hagia Sophia	en
heal.type	journalArticle	en
heal.identifier.primary	10.1016/S0950-0618(02)00005-3	en
heal.identifier.secondary	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(02)00005-3	en
heal.language	English	en
heal.publicationDate	2002	en
heal.abstract	Structural studies to determine the earthquake worthiness of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul have proved that the monument's static and dynamic behavior depends very strongly on the mechanical, chemical and microstructural properties of the mortars and bricks used for the masonry. Hence, the classification of the crushed brick/lime mortars under the category of advanced cement-based composites is concluded, explaining the fact that the monument still stands, as well as the very large static deformations which it has undergone, since such mortars have a very long curing period. According to the analysis of the dynamic data, the first three natural frequencies of the building were determined. These results show a decrease of approximately 5-10% in the natural frequencies, as the amplitude of the accelerations increases and returns to their initial values, due to the non-linear nature of the masonry. The above-mentioned behavior allows the structure to absorb energy without affecting irreversibly its material properties. The determination of the mortar properties indicated that they are of considerable mechanical strength and longevity. The dated Mortar samples examined proved to be resistant to continuous stresses and strains due to the presence of the amorphous hydraulic formation, (CSH), investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at the crushed-brick powder/binder interfaces and at a Sufficient Content in the binding matrix, as proved by TG-DTA, which allowed for greater energy absorption without initiations of fractures, let alone the transition of the gel to a higher order of formation, Furthermore, the interpretation of the amorphous nature of the hydraulic formations of the crushed brick/lime mortars is attempted by the experimental validation of real chemical interaction between lime and clay and the characterization of the fundamental structural units of the calcium silicate hydrates, produced by mass spectroscopy. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.	en
heal.publisher	ELSEVIER SCI LTD	en
heal.journalName	Construction and Building Materials	en
dc.identifier.doi	10.1016/S0950-0618(02)00005-3	en
dc.identifier.isi	ISI:000179128900011	en
dc.identifier.volume	16	en
dc.identifier.issue	8	en
dc.identifier.spage	543	en
dc.identifier.epage	552	en