The effect of (NH4)2HPO4 and (NH4)2SO4 on the spontaneous ignition properties of Pinus halepensis pine needles

Liodakis, S; Bakirtzis, D; Lois, E; Gakis, D

dc.contributor.author	Liodakis, S	en
dc.contributor.author	Bakirtzis, D	en
dc.contributor.author	Lois, E	en
dc.contributor.author	Gakis, D	en
dc.date.accessioned	2014-03-01T01:18:25Z
dc.date.available	2014-03-01T01:18:25Z
dc.date.issued	2002	en
dc.identifier.issn	03797112	en
dc.identifier.uri	https://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/14987
dc.subject	Airflow	en
dc.subject	Fire retardants	en
dc.subject	Flaming combustion duration	en
dc.subject	Pinus halepensis pine needles	en
dc.subject	Sample size	en
dc.subject	Spontaneous ignition	en
dc.subject.other	Combustion	en
dc.subject.other	Concentration (process)	en
dc.subject.other	Fire extinguishers	en
dc.subject.other	Flame retardants	en
dc.subject.other	Flammability testing	en
dc.subject.other	Thermal effects	en
dc.subject.other	Wood fuels	en
dc.subject.other	Pine needles	en
dc.subject.other	Ignition	en
dc.subject.other	Combustion	en
dc.subject.other	Concentration	en
dc.subject.other	Fire Fighting	en
dc.subject.other	Flame Retardants	en
dc.subject.other	Forest Fires	en
dc.subject.other	Ignition	en
dc.subject.other	Leaves	en
dc.subject.other	Pinus	en
dc.subject.other	Safety Equipment	en
dc.title	The effect of (NH4)2HPO4 and (NH4)2SO4 on the spontaneous ignition properties of Pinus halepensis pine needles	en
heal.type	journalArticle	en
heal.identifier.primary	10.1016/S0379-7112(02)00008-5	en
heal.identifier.secondary	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0379-7112(02)00008-5	en
heal.publicationDate	2002	en
heal.abstract	The spontaneous ignitability of Pinus halepensis pine needles was evaluated. Fire points and times taken for irradiated fuels to be ignited were correlated, at given heat intensity, to the airflow around the specimen and the sample size. The tests showed that increase of the airflow rate above 1.5l min-1 increased considerably the fire point values and ignition delay times. On the contrary, the sample size in the range investigated (0.2-1.0 g) showed a negligible effect on the ignition properties. The influence of fire chemical retardants (NH4)2HPO4 (DAP) and (NH4)2SO4 (AS) on the ignitability characteristics was studied under various concentration levels. The data in this study showed that the presence of DAP and AS increases the fire point, as well as the time required for ignition, and this effect is pronounced at high concentration levels. However, at lower temperatures, i.e. below 500 °C, flaming combustion appears sensitive to the AS quantity applied, whereas at high temperatures (i.e. above 600 °C) the DAP concentration had a major influence on its flammability behavior. In addition the time of combustion was slightly extended, therefore, the energy release rate was reduced in the presence of fire retardants, particularly of AS. The purpose of this study was to quantify the fire extinguishing capabilities of (NH4)2HPO4 and (NH4)2SO4, commonly used chemicals in forest fires, by comparing the ignition properties of samples, prior and after retardant loading. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.	en
heal.journalName	Fire Safety Journal	en
dc.identifier.doi	10.1016/S0379-7112(02)00008-5	en
dc.identifier.volume	37	en
dc.identifier.issue	5	en
dc.identifier.spage	481	en
dc.identifier.epage	494	en