Surface consolidation of pentelic marble: Criteria for the selection of methods and materials. The Acropolis case

Skoulikidis, T; Vassiliou, P; Tsakona, K

dc.contributor.author	Skoulikidis, T	en
dc.contributor.author	Vassiliou, P	en
dc.contributor.author	Tsakona, K	en
dc.date.accessioned	2014-03-01T01:23:09Z
dc.date.available	2014-03-01T01:23:09Z
dc.date.issued	2005	en
dc.identifier.issn	0944-1344	en
dc.identifier.uri	https://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/16838
dc.subject	Acropolis	en
dc.subject	Conservation of monuments	en
dc.subject	Inversion of sulfation	en
dc.subject	Marble	en
dc.subject	Pentelic marble	en
dc.subject	Reinforced lime	en
dc.subject	Surface consolidation	en
dc.subject.classification	Environmental Sciences	en
dc.subject.other	calcium carbonate	en
dc.subject.other	calcium hydroxide	en
dc.subject.other	calcium sulfate	en
dc.subject.other	consolidation	en
dc.subject.other	marble	en
dc.subject.other	monument	en
dc.subject.other	surface	en
dc.subject.other	article	en
dc.subject.other	building material	en
dc.subject.other	chemistry	en
dc.subject.other	electron microscopy	en
dc.subject.other	Greece	en
dc.subject.other	mechanics	en
dc.subject.other	pH	en
dc.subject.other	porosity	en
dc.subject.other	practice guideline	en
dc.subject.other	standard	en
dc.subject.other	surface property	en
dc.subject.other	Calcium Carbonate	en
dc.subject.other	Calcium Hydroxide	en
dc.subject.other	Calcium Sulfate	en
dc.subject.other	Construction Materials	en
dc.subject.other	Greece	en
dc.subject.other	Guidelines	en
dc.subject.other	Hydrogen-Ion Concentration	en
dc.subject.other	Mechanics	en
dc.subject.other	Microscopy, Electron	en
dc.subject.other	Porosity	en
dc.subject.other	Surface Properties	en
dc.title	Surface consolidation of pentelic marble: Criteria for the selection of methods and materials. The Acropolis case	en
heal.type	journalArticle	en
heal.identifier.primary	http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2004.11.230	en
heal.identifier.secondary	http://dx.doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2004.11.230	en
heal.language	English	en
heal.publicationDate	2005	en
heal.abstract	Goal and Scope. In order to realize surface consolidation of Pentelic marble on the Acropolis monuments, we have collected the criteria that have to be fulfilled by the methods and materials without side effects on the marbles (and other stones). When the existing methods and materials did not satisfy the requirements (criteria), we invented new ones. Methods. The criteria were collected from the literature, by thermodynamic and kinetic viewpoints, by laboratory experiments and in situ observations on monuments, both in Greece and in several countries in which the various methods and materials were applied. Concerning our method of 'Inversion of sulfation', performed by spraying a K2CO3 solution, its concentration and its temperature were controlled in order to have a total inversion (certified by liquid crystals) of gypsum back to CaCO3. For the new material of ours, 'Reinforced Lime', in order to eliminate the disadvantages of plain lime (low carbonation rate, low mechanical properties of CaCO3 formed, lack of carbonation in the bulk of lime), measurements of the rate of carbonation were performed in plain lime and in lime with a different CaCO3 concentration beforehand as well as in a different CO2 environments, using DTG and XRD to measure the rate of carbonation. The detachment (kg/cm(2)) of marble specimens stuck by lime in each case was also measured. A microscope was also used to measure the dimensions of the grain in each case as well as ammonium citrate and thymolphthalein to certify the depth of carbonation in each case. Part of the work was communicated in an international congress. Results. A table with the criteria of the selection of the methods and materials for the consolidation of Pentelic marble surfaces (and other stones) was established. None of the employed methods and materials fulfilled the criteria. Only the 'Inversion of gypsum' and the 'Reinforced Lime' were adopted and applied to the Acropolis monuments and to other monuments in Greece and in several other countries. Recommendation and Outlook. All criteria must be used for the selection of methods and materials for the consolidation of the monument surfaces. This is why we have already studied with the same procedures, methods and materials for restoration, surface cleaning and protection.	en
heal.publisher	ECOMED PUBLISHERS	en
heal.journalName	Environmental Science and Pollution Research	en
dc.identifier.doi	http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2004.11.230	en
dc.identifier.isi	ISI:000226735600006	en
dc.identifier.volume	12	en
dc.identifier.issue	1	en
dc.identifier.spage	28	en
dc.identifier.epage	33	en