Foundation-structure systems over a rupturing normal fault: Part I. Observations after the Kocaeli 1999 earthquake

Anastasopoulos, I; Gazetas, G

dc.contributor.author	Anastasopoulos, I	en
dc.contributor.author	Gazetas, G	en
dc.date.accessioned	2014-03-01T01:26:22Z
dc.date.available	2014-03-01T01:26:22Z
dc.date.issued	2007	en
dc.identifier.issn	1570761X	en
dc.identifier.uri	https://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/18044
dc.subject	Case history	en
dc.subject	Fault rupture propagation	en
dc.subject	Kocaeli earthquake	en
dc.subject	Normal fault	en
dc.subject	Soil-structure-interaction	en
dc.subject.other	Geology	en
dc.subject.other	Structural analysis	en
dc.subject.other	Surface analysis	en
dc.subject.other	Trenching	en
dc.subject.other	Fault rupture propagation	en
dc.subject.other	Kocaeli earthquake	en
dc.subject.other	Normal faults	en
dc.subject.other	Soil structure interaction	en
dc.subject.other	Earthquakes	en
dc.subject.other	collapse structure	en
dc.subject.other	earthquake damage	en
dc.subject.other	earthquake rupture	en
dc.subject.other	earthquake trigger	en
dc.subject.other	fault scarp	en
dc.subject.other	foundation	en
dc.subject.other	Kocaeli earthquake 1999	en
dc.subject.other	normal fault	en
dc.subject.other	North Anatolian Fault	en
dc.subject.other	outcrop	en
dc.subject.other	rigidity	en
dc.subject.other	soil-structure interaction	en
dc.subject.other	Eurasia	en
dc.subject.other	Golcuk	en
dc.subject.other	Kocaeli [Turkey]	en
dc.subject.other	Turkey	en
dc.title	Foundation-structure systems over a rupturing normal fault: Part I. Observations after the Kocaeli 1999 earthquake	en
heal.type	journalArticle	en
heal.identifier.primary	10.1007/s10518-007-9029-2	en
heal.identifier.secondary	http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-007-9029-2	en
heal.publicationDate	2007	en
heal.abstract	Triggered by reactivation of the strike-slip North Anatolian Fault, the disastrous M w 7.4 Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake also produced normal faulting in the pull-apart basin of Gölcük. Surface scarps from such faulting reached almost 2.5 m in height. Several structures were crossed by the surface rupture. As expected, many of them either collapsed or were severely damaged. But, surprisingly, several structures survived the outcropping dislocation essentially unscathed. In fact, in some cases the surface rupture path seemed to have deviated, as if to ""avoid"" rupturing directly underneath a structure. In other cases damage was substantial even though the fault rupture was ""masked"" by the near-surface soil and did not create a scarp. The rigidity and continuity of the foundation appears to have been one of the crucial factors affecting structural performance. Interestingly, the examined structures were supported on a variety of foundation types, ranging from isolated footings, to rigid box-type foundations, to piled foundations. The paper outlines a reconnaissance of the area, providing a documented description of the observed interplay between the rupturing fault, the soil, and the structure, along with the results of soil exploration and geological trenching. In the companion paper, Part II, each system is analysed numerically to confirm the conclusions of the present paper, reveal the main aspects of Fault Rupture-Soil-Foundation-Structure Interaction (FR-SFSI), and help develop deeper insights into the mechanics of successful performance of structures built on top of such faults. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.	en
heal.journalName	Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering	en
dc.identifier.doi	10.1007/s10518-007-9029-2	en
dc.identifier.volume	5	en
dc.identifier.issue	3	en
dc.identifier.spage	253	en
dc.identifier.epage	275	en