Opening ceremony shaft for the Athens 2004 Olympic Games

Gerolymos, N; Anastasopoulos, I; Gazetas, G

dc.contributor.author	Gerolymos, N	en
dc.contributor.author	Anastasopoulos, I	en
dc.contributor.author	Gazetas, G	en
dc.date.accessioned	2014-03-01T01:26:48Z
dc.date.available	2014-03-01T01:26:48Z
dc.date.issued	2007	en
dc.identifier.issn	1353-2618	en
dc.identifier.uri	https://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/18234
dc.subject	Piles & piling	en
dc.subject.classification	Engineering, Geological	en
dc.subject.classification	Geosciences, Multidisciplinary	en
dc.subject.other	Excavation	en
dc.subject.other	Finite element method	en
dc.subject.other	Piles	en
dc.subject.other	Stadiums	en
dc.subject.other	Water levels	en
dc.subject.other	Circular shaft	en
dc.subject.other	Retaining structure	en
dc.subject.other	Underground entrance	en
dc.subject.other	Water table	en
dc.subject.other	Structural design	en
dc.subject.other	concrete structure	en
dc.subject.other	construction method	en
dc.subject.other	retaining wall	en
dc.subject.other	shaft	en
dc.subject.other	Athens [Attica]	en
dc.subject.other	Attica	en
dc.subject.other	Eurasia	en
dc.subject.other	Europe	en
dc.subject.other	Greece	en
dc.subject.other	Southern Europe	en
dc.title	Opening ceremony shaft for the Athens 2004 Olympic Games	en
heal.type	journalArticle	en
heal.identifier.primary	10.1680/geng.2007.160.2.61	en
heal.identifier.secondary	http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.2007.160.2.61	en
heal.language	English	en
heal.publicationDate	2007	en
heal.abstract	Key aspects of the analysis, design and construction of the retaining structure for a central circular shaft inside the Olympic Stadium of Athens are described. As part of the opening ceremony of the Athens 2004 Olympic Games, the shaft was used as an invisible underground entrance into the stadium, playing a key role in the ceremony. Given the significant depth and the large diameter of the shaft ( both about 25 m), excavating and retaining under extreme time constraints and with presumed high water table constituted a challenge. It was accomplished with recourse to the observational method. The retaining structure comprised 1.2 m diameter contiguous piles capped with a ring beam. The initial design used a form of top-down construction of the final 0.75 m thick permanent concrete lining. Delays in starting the excavation necessitated that a depth of 17.5 m be reached before any permanent lining could be constructed. The paper presents the design of the retaining structure, the developed finite element analysis, and the theoretical predictions during the various excavation stages. A detailed monitoring programme was implemented and utilised in the spirit of the observational method. Comparisons every two days of measured against original ( class A), as well as updated, analytical predictions led to the successful completion of the project.	en
heal.publisher	THOMAS TELFORD PUBLISHING	en
heal.journalName	Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Geotechnical Engineering	en
dc.identifier.doi	10.1680/geng.2007.160.2.61	en
dc.identifier.isi	ISI:000244605900001	en
dc.identifier.volume	160	en
dc.identifier.issue	2	en
dc.identifier.spage	61	en
dc.identifier.epage	71	en