Investigation of the colourants used in icons of the Cretan School of iconography

Karapanagiotis, I; Minopoulou, E; Valianou, L; Daniilia, S; Chryssoulakis, Y

dc.contributor.author	Karapanagiotis, I	en
dc.contributor.author	Minopoulou, E	en
dc.contributor.author	Valianou, L	en
dc.contributor.author	Daniilia, S	en
dc.contributor.author	Chryssoulakis, Y	en
dc.date.accessioned	2014-03-01T01:30:57Z
dc.date.available	2014-03-01T01:30:57Z
dc.date.issued	2009	en
dc.identifier.issn	0003-2670	en
dc.identifier.uri	https://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/19692
dc.subject	High performance liquid chromatography	en
dc.subject	Icon	en
dc.subject	Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry	en
dc.subject	Painting	en
dc.subject	Pigment	en
dc.subject	Raman spectroscopy	en
dc.subject.classification	Chemistry, Analytical	en
dc.subject.other	Carminic acid	en
dc.subject.other	Icon	en
dc.subject.other	Indigoid dyes	en
dc.subject.other	Inorganic pigments	en
dc.subject.other	Lead white	en
dc.subject.other	Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry	en
dc.subject.other	Micro Raman Spectroscopy	en
dc.subject.other	Molecular ions	en
dc.subject.other	Organic dye	en
dc.subject.other	Paint layers	en
dc.subject.other	Photodiode array detectors	en
dc.subject.other	Carbon black	en
dc.subject.other	Chromatographic analysis	en
dc.subject.other	Chromatography	en
dc.subject.other	Electrospray ionization	en
dc.subject.other	High performance liquid chromatography	en
dc.subject.other	Liquids	en
dc.subject.other	Mass spectrometers	en
dc.subject.other	Mass spectrometry	en
dc.subject.other	Optical microscopy	en
dc.subject.other	Paint	en
dc.subject.other	Raman scattering	en
dc.subject.other	Raman spectroscopy	en
dc.subject.other	Spectrum analysis	en
dc.subject.other	Wood	en
dc.subject.other	High pressure liquid chromatography	en
dc.subject.other	carbon	en
dc.subject.other	carminic acid	en
dc.subject.other	coloring agent	en
dc.subject.other	dye	en
dc.subject.other	mercury sulfide	en
dc.subject.other	article	en
dc.subject.other	chemical composition	en
dc.subject.other	controlled study	en
dc.subject.other	electrospray mass spectrometry	en
dc.subject.other	Greece	en
dc.subject.other	high performance liquid chromatography	en
dc.subject.other	historical period	en
dc.subject.other	microscopy	en
dc.subject.other	painting	en
dc.subject.other	priority journal	en
dc.subject.other	Raman spectrometry	en
dc.subject.other	Rubia	en
dc.subject.other	Sequoia	en
dc.subject.other	Byzantium	en
dc.subject.other	Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid	en
dc.subject.other	Coloring Agents	en
dc.subject.other	History, 15th Century	en
dc.subject.other	History, 16th Century	en
dc.subject.other	History, 17th Century	en
dc.subject.other	Microscopy	en
dc.subject.other	Paint	en
dc.subject.other	Paintings	en
dc.subject.other	Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization	en
dc.subject.other	Spectrum Analysis, Raman	en
dc.subject.other	Coccidae	en
dc.subject.other	Kermes	en
dc.subject.other	Rubia tinctorum	en
dc.title	Investigation of the colourants used in icons of the Cretan School of iconography	en
heal.type	journalArticle	en
heal.identifier.primary	10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.012	en
heal.identifier.secondary	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.012	en
heal.language	English	en
heal.publicationDate	2009	en
heal.abstract	The red shades of 13 icons (15th-17th century) of the Cretan School of iconography are investigated in detail to identify the inorganic and organic colouring materials comprising the paint layers. Examination of sample cross-sections is performed with optical microscopy. Micro-Raman spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a photodiode array detector are employed for the identification of the inorganic and organic colouring materials, respectively. The results reveal the extensive use of coccid dyes by the Cretan painters: kermes (Kermes vermilio Planchon) is found in icons dated before the middle 16th century and cochineal in icons created several decades after the discovery of the New World. Other dyestuffs detected in the historical samples are madder(possibly Rubia tinctorum L., according to HPLC profiles), soluble redwood and indigoid dyes. Organic dyes were used by the painters as exclusive colouring matters (or glazes) or in mixtures with inorganic pigments, such as red ochre. cinnabar, minium, azurite lead white and carbon black. Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) coupled to a negative electrospray ionization mode is employed to provide information on the identity of some unknown colouring components, of the aforementioned dyes, detected in the historical samples. The results suggest that (i) the type B compound (also known as Bra') is a dehydro-brazilein product and (ii) the deprotonated molecular ion of the type C compound corresponds to m/z = 243. Both compounds are commonly used as markers for the identification of soluble redwood in historical samples. LC-MS analysis of cochineal shows that the dcIV and dcVlI components are isomeric with carminic acid, as it has been recently suggested. Finally, LC-MS is employed to identify and record kermesic and flavokermesic acid in kermes and rubiadin in wild madder. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.	en
heal.publisher	ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV	en
heal.journalName	Analytica Chimica Acta	en
dc.identifier.doi	10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.012	en
dc.identifier.isi	ISI:000268352900015	en
dc.identifier.volume	647	en
dc.identifier.issue	2	en
dc.identifier.spage	231	en
dc.identifier.epage	242	en