Transesterification of vegetable oils with ethanol and characterization of the key fuel properties of ethyl esters

Anastopoulos, G; Zannikou, Y; Stournas, S; Kalligeros, S

dc.contributor.author	Anastopoulos, G	en
dc.contributor.author	Zannikou, Y	en
dc.contributor.author	Stournas, S	en
dc.contributor.author	Kalligeros, S	en
dc.date.accessioned	2014-03-01T01:32:13Z
dc.date.available	2014-03-01T01:32:13Z
dc.date.issued	2009	en
dc.identifier.issn	1996-1073	en
dc.identifier.uri	https://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/20085
dc.subject	Biodiesel	en
dc.subject	Ethanol	en
dc.subject	Sodium hydroxide	en
dc.subject	Transesterification	en
dc.subject.other	Catalyst concentration	en
dc.subject.other	Cold start	en
dc.subject.other	Ethyl esters	en
dc.subject.other	Flash points	en
dc.subject.other	Frying oil	en
dc.subject.other	Fuel properties	en
dc.subject.other	Heavy duty engines	en
dc.subject.other	Higher heating value	en
dc.subject.other	Mass ratio	en
dc.subject.other	Methyl esters	en
dc.subject.other	Molar ratio	en
dc.subject.other	Olive oil	en
dc.subject.other	Optimal conditions	en
dc.subject.other	Optimum reaction	en
dc.subject.other	Reaction conditions	en
dc.subject.other	Reaction temperature	en
dc.subject.other	Safety guarantees	en
dc.subject.other	Sodium hydroxide	en
dc.subject.other	Sodium hydroxides	en
dc.subject.other	Sunflower oil	en
dc.subject.other	Test method	en
dc.subject.other	Transesterification reaction	en
dc.subject.other	Biodiesel	en
dc.subject.other	Catalysis	en
dc.subject.other	Catalysts	en
dc.subject.other	Diesel fuels	en
dc.subject.other	Esterification	en
dc.subject.other	Ethanol	en
dc.subject.other	Fuel oils	en
dc.subject.other	Fuel storage	en
dc.subject.other	Lubricating oils	en
dc.subject.other	Optimization	en
dc.subject.other	Sodium	en
dc.subject.other	Transesterification	en
dc.subject.other	Vegetable oils	en
dc.subject.other	Esters	en
dc.title	Transesterification of vegetable oils with ethanol and characterization of the key fuel properties of ethyl esters	en
heal.type	journalArticle	en
heal.identifier.primary	10.3390/en20200362	en
heal.identifier.secondary	http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en20200362	en
heal.language	English	en
heal.publicationDate	2009	en
heal.abstract	The transesterification reactions of four different vegetable oils (sunflower, rapeseed, olive oil and used frying oil) with ethanol, using sodium hydroxide as catalyst, were studied. The ester preparation involved a two-step transesterification reaction, followed by purification. The effects of the mass ratio of catalyst to oil (0.25 - 1.5%), the molar ratio of ethanol to oil (6:1 - 12:1), and the reaction temperature (35 - 90 °o°C) were studied for the conversion of sunflower oil to optimize the reaction conditions in both stages. The rest of the vegetable oils were converted to ethyl esters under optimum reaction parameters. The optimal conditions for first stage transesterification were an ethanol/oil molar ratio of 12:1, NaOH amount (1% wt/wt), and 80 °o°C temperature, whereas the maximum yield of ethyl esters reached 81.4% wt/wt. In the second stage, the yield of ethyl esters was improved by 16% in relation with the one-stage transesterification, which was obtained under the following optimal conditions: catalyst concentration 0.75% and ethanol/oil molar ratio 6:1. The fuel properties of the esters were measured according to EN test methods. Based on the experimental results one can see that the ethyl esters do not differ significantly from methyl esters. Moreover, the results showed that the values of density, viscosity, and higher heating value of ethyl esters were similar to those of automotive and heavy duty engine diesel fuel. However, the CFPP values were higher, which may contribute to potential difficulties in cold starts. On the other hand, the flash points, which were higher than those of diesel fuel constituted a safety guarantee from the point of view of handling and storage. © 2009 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland.	en
heal.publisher	MOLECULAR DIVERSITY PRESERVATION INTERNATIONAL-MDPI	en
heal.journalName	Energies	en
dc.identifier.doi	10.3390/en20200362	en
dc.identifier.isi	ISI:000276704500011	en
dc.identifier.volume	2	en
dc.identifier.issue	2	en
dc.identifier.spage	362	en
dc.identifier.epage	376	en