The effect of (NH4)(2)HPO4 and (NH4)(2)SO4 on the spontaneous ignition properties of Pinus halepensis pine needles

Liodakis, S; Bakirtzis, D; Lois, E; Gakis, D

dc.contributor.author	Liodakis, S	en
dc.contributor.author	Bakirtzis, D	en
dc.contributor.author	Lois, E	en
dc.contributor.author	Gakis, D	en
dc.date.accessioned	2014-03-01T01:52:12Z
dc.date.available	2014-03-01T01:52:12Z
dc.date.issued	2002	en
dc.identifier.issn	0379-7112	en
dc.identifier.uri	https://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/26596
dc.subject	Pinus halepensis pine needles	en
dc.subject	spontaneous ignition	en
dc.subject	flaming combustion duration	en
dc.subject	sample size	en
dc.subject	airflow	en
dc.subject	fire retardants	en
dc.subject.classification	Engineering, Civil	en
dc.subject.classification	Materials Science, Multidisciplinary	en
dc.subject.other	RESOLUTION MASS-SPECTROMETRY	en
dc.subject.other	PYROLYSIS	en
dc.subject.other	CELLULOSE	en
dc.subject.other	COMPONENTS	en
dc.subject.other	WOOD	en
dc.title	The effect of (NH4)(2)HPO4 and (NH4)(2)SO4 on the spontaneous ignition properties of Pinus halepensis pine needles	en
heal.type	journalArticle	en
heal.language	English	en
heal.publicationDate	2002	en
heal.abstract	The spontaneous ignitability of Pinus halepensis pine needles was evaluated. Fire points and times taken for irradiated fuels to be ignited were correlated, at given heat intensity, to the airflow around the specimen and the sample size. The tests showed that increase of the airflow rate above 1.51 min(-1) increased considerably the fire point values and ignition delay times. On the contrary, the sample size in the range investigated (0.2-1.0 g) showed a negligible effect on the ignition properties. The influence of fire chemical retardants (NH4)(2)HPO4 (DAP) and (NH4)(2)SO4 (AS) on the ignitability characteristics was studied under various concentration levels. The data in this study showed that the presence of DAP and AS increases the fire point, as well as the time required for ignition, and this effect is pronounced at high concentration levels. However, at lower temperatures. i.e. below 500degreesC, flaming combustion appears sensitive to the AS quantity applied, whereas at high temperatures (i.e. above 600degreesC) the DAP concentration had a major influence on its flammability behavior. In addition the time of combustion was slightly extended, therefore, the energy release rate was reduced in the presence of fire retardants, particularly of AS. The purpose of this study was to quantify the fire extinguishing capabilities of (NH4)(2)HPO4 and (NH4)(2)SO4, commonly used chemicals in forest fires, by comparing the ignition properties of samples, prior and after retardant loading. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.	en
heal.publisher	ELSEVIER SCI LTD	en
heal.journalName	FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL	en
dc.identifier.isi	ISI:000175256900003	en
dc.identifier.volume	37	en
dc.identifier.issue	5	en
dc.identifier.spage	481	en
dc.identifier.epage	494	en