The trapped human experiment

Huo, R; Agapiou, A; Bocos-Bintintan, V; Brown, LJ; Burns, C; Creaser, CS; Devenport, NA; Gao-Lau, B; Guallar-Hoyas, C; Hildebrand, L; Malkar, A; Martin, HJ; Moll, VH; Patel, P; Ratiu, A; Reynolds, JC; Sielemann, S; Slodzynski, R; Statheropoulos, M; Turner, MA; Vautz, W; Wright, VE; Thomas, CLP

dc.contributor.author	Huo, R	en
dc.contributor.author	Agapiou, A	en
dc.contributor.author	Bocos-Bintintan, V	en
dc.contributor.author	Brown, LJ	en
dc.contributor.author	Burns, C	en
dc.contributor.author	Creaser, CS	en
dc.contributor.author	Devenport, NA	en
dc.contributor.author	Gao-Lau, B	en
dc.contributor.author	Guallar-Hoyas, C	en
dc.contributor.author	Hildebrand, L	en
dc.contributor.author	Malkar, A	en
dc.contributor.author	Martin, HJ	en
dc.contributor.author	Moll, VH	en
dc.contributor.author	Patel, P	en
dc.contributor.author	Ratiu, A	en
dc.contributor.author	Reynolds, JC	en
dc.contributor.author	Sielemann, S	en
dc.contributor.author	Slodzynski, R	en
dc.contributor.author	Statheropoulos, M	en
dc.contributor.author	Turner, MA	en
dc.contributor.author	Vautz, W	en
dc.contributor.author	Wright, VE	en
dc.contributor.author	Thomas, CLP	en
dc.date.accessioned	2014-03-01T02:04:15Z
dc.date.available	2014-03-01T02:04:15Z
dc.date.issued	2011	en
dc.identifier.issn	17527155	en
dc.identifier.uri	https://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/29411
dc.subject.other	acetone	en
dc.subject.other	adsorbent	en
dc.subject.other	ammonia	en
dc.subject.other	carbon dioxide	en
dc.subject.other	carbon monoxide	en
dc.subject.other	oxygen	en
dc.subject.other	accident	en
dc.subject.other	adult	en
dc.subject.other	article	en
dc.subject.other	blood pressure	en
dc.subject.other	breathing	en
dc.subject.other	desorption	en
dc.subject.other	environmental parameters	en
dc.subject.other	experimental study	en
dc.subject.other	female	en
dc.subject.other	follow up	en
dc.subject.other	human	en
dc.subject.other	human experiment	en
dc.subject.other	ion mobility spectrometry	en
dc.subject.other	male	en
dc.subject.other	mass fragmentography	en
dc.subject.other	metabolite	en
dc.subject.other	normal human	en
dc.subject.other	online monitoring	en
dc.subject.other	oxygenation	en
dc.subject.other	plume	en
dc.subject.other	priority journal	en
dc.subject.other	pulse rate	en
dc.subject.other	questionnaire	en
dc.subject.other	safety	en
dc.subject.other	semiconductor	en
dc.subject.other	sensor	en
dc.subject.other	simulation	en
dc.subject.other	skin	en
dc.subject.other	Stanford Acute Stress Response Questionnaire	en
dc.subject.other	structure collapse	en
dc.subject.other	survivor	en
dc.subject.other	sweat	en
dc.subject.other	thermal desorption	en
dc.subject.other	trapped human experiment	en
dc.subject.other	welfare	en
dc.title	The trapped human experiment	en
heal.type	journalArticle	en
heal.identifier.primary	10.1088/1752-7155/5/4/046006	en
heal.identifier.secondary	http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1752-7155/5/4/046006	en
heal.identifier.secondary	046006	en
heal.publicationDate	2011	en
heal.abstract	This experiment observed the evolution of metabolite plumes from a human trapped in a simulation of a collapsed building. Ten participants took it in turns over five days to lie in a simulation of a collapsed building and eight of them completed the 6 h protocol while their breath, sweat and skin metabolites were passed through a simulation of a collapsed glass-clad reinforced-concrete building. Safety, welfare and environmental parameters were monitored continuously, and active adsorbent sampling for thermal desorption GC-MS, on-line and embedded CO, CO2 and O2 monitoring, aspirating ion mobility spectrometry with integrated semiconductor gas sensors, direct injection GC-ion mobility spectrometry, active sampling thermal desorption GC-differential mobility spectrometry and a prototype remote early detection system for survivor location were used to monitor the evolution of the metabolite plumes that were generated. Oxygen levels within the void simulator were allowed to fall no lower than 19.1% (v). Concurrent levels of carbon dioxide built up to an average level of 1.6% (v) in the breathing zone of the participants. Temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide levels and the physiological measurements were consistent with a reproducible methodology that enabled the metabolite plumes to be sampled and characterized from the different parts of the experiment. Welfare and safety data were satisfactory with pulse rates, blood pressures and oxygenation, all within levels consistent with healthy adults. Up to 12 in-test welfare assessments per participant and a six-week follow-up Stanford Acute Stress Response Questionnaire indicated that the researchers and participants did not experience any adverse effects from their involvement in the study. Preliminary observations confirmed that CO2, NH3 and acetone were effective markers for trapped humans, although interactions with water absorbed in building debris needed further study. An unexpected observation from the NH3 channel was the suppression of NH3 during those periods when the participants slept, and this will be the subject of further study, as will be the detailed analysis of the casualty detection data obtained from the seven instruments used. © 2011 IOP Publishing Ltd.	en
heal.journalName	Journal of Breath Research	en
dc.identifier.doi	10.1088/1752-7155/5/4/046006	en
dc.identifier.volume	5	en
dc.identifier.issue	4	en