Temporal profiling of human urine VOCs and its potential role under the ruins of collapsed buildings

Mochalski, P; Krapf, K; Ager, C; Wiesenhofer, H; Agapiou, A; Statheropoulos, M; Fuchs, D; Ellmerer, E; Buszewski, B; Amann, A

dc.contributor.author	Mochalski, P	en
dc.contributor.author	Krapf, K	en
dc.contributor.author	Ager, C	en
dc.contributor.author	Wiesenhofer, H	en
dc.contributor.author	Agapiou, A	en
dc.contributor.author	Statheropoulos, M	en
dc.contributor.author	Fuchs, D	en
dc.contributor.author	Ellmerer, E	en
dc.contributor.author	Buszewski, B	en
dc.contributor.author	Amann, A	en
dc.date.accessioned	2014-03-01T02:14:47Z
dc.date.available	2014-03-01T02:14:47Z
dc.date.issued	2012	en
dc.identifier.issn	15376524	en
dc.identifier.uri	https://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/30116
dc.subject	Entrapped victims	en
dc.subject	Potential markers of human presence	en
dc.subject	Rescue operations	en
dc.subject	Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)	en
dc.subject.other	3 hexanone	en
dc.subject.other	3 methylbutan 2 one	en
dc.subject.other	4 methyl 2 pentanone	en
dc.subject.other	biological marker	en
dc.subject.other	dimethyl disulfide	en
dc.subject.other	dimethyl sulfone	en
dc.subject.other	dimethyltrisulfide	en
dc.subject.other	octanal	en
dc.subject.other	propionaldehyde	en
dc.subject.other	unclassified drug	en
dc.subject.other	volatile organic compound	en
dc.subject.other	adult	en
dc.subject.other	article	en
dc.subject.other	building	en
dc.subject.other	controlled study	en
dc.subject.other	disaster	en
dc.subject.other	female	en
dc.subject.other	human	en
dc.subject.other	human experiment	en
dc.subject.other	male	en
dc.subject.other	mass fragmentography	en
dc.subject.other	normal human	en
dc.subject.other	priority journal	en
dc.subject.other	rescue work	en
dc.subject.other	room temperature	en
dc.subject.other	solid phase microextraction	en
dc.subject.other	storage	en
dc.subject.other	urinalysis	en
dc.subject.other	urine	en
dc.subject.other	urine odor	en
dc.subject.other	victim	en
dc.title	Temporal profiling of human urine VOCs and its potential role under the ruins of collapsed buildings	en
heal.type	journalArticle	en
heal.identifier.primary	10.3109/15376516.2012.682664	en
heal.identifier.secondary	http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15376516.2012.682664	en
heal.publicationDate	2012	en
heal.abstract	Context: The scent profile of human urine was investigated as potential source of chemical markers of human presence in collapsed buildings after natural or man-made disasters. Objective: The main goals of this study were to build a library of potential biomarkers of human urine to be used for the detection of entrapped victims and to further examine their evolution profile in time. Materials and methods: Headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to detect and identify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) spontaneously released from urine of 20 healthy volunteers. Additionally, the evolution of human urine headspace during four days storage at room temperature was investigated. Results: 33 omnipresent species with incidence higher than 80% were selected as potential urine markers. The most represented chemical classes were ketones with 10 representatives, aldehydes (7 species) and sulfur compounds (7 species). The monitoring of the evolution of the urine scent demonstrated an increase in the emission of 26 omnipresent urinary volatiles (rise from 36% to 526%). The highest increase was noted for dimethyldisulfide and dimethyltrisulfide (fivefold increase) and 3-methyl-2-butanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone and 3-hexanone (fourfold rise). Only three compounds exhibited decreasing trend; dimethylsulfone, octanal and propanal. Conclusion: The ubiquitous urine VOCs identified within this study create a library of potential markers of human urine to be verified in further field studies, involving portable and sensitive instruments, directly applied in the field. © 2012 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc.	en
heal.journalName	Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods	en
dc.identifier.doi	10.3109/15376516.2012.682664	en
dc.identifier.volume	22	en
dc.identifier.issue	7	en
dc.identifier.spage	502	en
dc.identifier.epage	511	en