Επαναχρησιμοποίηση λυμάτων για περιαστικό πράσινο στο Λεκανοπέδιο Αττικής με εφαρμογή μικρών συστημάτων επεξεργασίας λυμάτων

Λεμάνη, Ειρήνη; Lemani, Eirini

dc.contributor.author	Λεμάνη, Ειρήνη	el
dc.contributor.author	Lemani, Eirini	en
dc.date.accessioned	2015-04-01T10:33:27Z
dc.date.available	2015-04-01T10:33:27Z
dc.date.issued	2015-04-01
dc.identifier.uri	https://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/40527
dc.identifier.uri	http://dx.doi.org/10.26240/heal.ntua.3813
dc.description	Εθνικό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο--Μεταπτυχιακή Εργασία. Διεπιστημονικό-Διατμηματικό Πρόγραμμα Μεταπτυχιακών Σπουδών (Δ.Π.Μ.Σ.) “Επιστήμη και Τεχνολογία Υδατικών Πόρων”	el
dc.rights	Default License
dc.subject	Επαναχρησιμοποίηση λυμάτων	el
dc.subject	MBR	el
dc.subject	Μικρά συστήματα επεξεργασίας	el
dc.subject	Περιαστικό πράσινο	el
dc.subject	Άρδευση	el
dc.subject	Wastewater	en
dc.subject	Reuse	en
dc.subject	Decentrilized	en
dc.subject	Irrigation	en
dc.subject	Wastewater treatment	en
dc.title	Επαναχρησιμοποίηση λυμάτων για περιαστικό πράσινο στο Λεκανοπέδιο Αττικής με εφαρμογή μικρών συστημάτων επεξεργασίας λυμάτων	el
heal.type	masterThesis
heal.classification	Επαναχρησιμοποίηση λυμάτων	el
heal.language	el
heal.access	free
heal.recordProvider	ntua	el
heal.publicationDate	2014-10-13
heal.abstract	Η μείωση και υποβάθμιση των εκμεταλλεύσιμων υδατικών πόρων, λόγω των διαρκώς αυξανόμενων αναγκών, της αλόγιστης χρήσης και της ρύπανσης, καθιστά την επαναχρησιμοποίηση των λυμάτων μια εναλλακτική λύση προκειμένου να καλυφθούν ανάγκες όπως η άρδευση και άλλες αστικές χρήσεις πλην πόσης. Από το 1958 τα Ηνωμένα Έθνη είχαν υιοθετήσει την πολιτική ότι "Σε καμία περίπτωση, εκτός εάν υπάρχει περίσσεια, δεν θα πρέπει να χρησιμοποιείται νερό καλύτερης ποιότητας για ανάγκες που θα μπορούσαν να ικανοποιηθούν με νερό χειρότερης ποιότητας" ( Ηνωμ. Έθνη, 1958). Τα ζητήματα που αντιμετωπίζονται στην παρούσα εργασία αυτή αφορούν : 1. Την εμπειρία στην επαναχρησιμοποίηση των λυμάτων διεθνώς (ΗΠΑ-Καλιφόρνια, Σιγκαπούρη, Ισραήλ, Ισπανία, Αυστραλία, Κύπρος, Κεντρική και Νότια Αμερική) αλλά και στην Ελλάδα 2. Την ανασκόπηση της διεθνούς και Ελληνικής νομοθεσίας για τα προτεινόμενα όρια εκροών και προδιαγραφές επεξεργασίας λυμάτων για επαναχρησιμοποίηση με στόχο τη διασφάλιση της δημόσιας υγείας. 3. Την επισκόπηση των σημαντικότερων αποκεντρωμένων συστημάτων επεξεργασίας λυμάτων μικρής κλίμακας (ενεργού ιλύος συνεχούς αερισμού, SBR, βιολογικών φίλτρων, περιστρεφόμενων βιολογικών δίσκων, τεχνητών υγροβιότοπων, MBR). 4. Τον προσδιορισμό των σημερινών αναγκών σε νερό για άρδευση του αστικού πρασίνου του Λεκανοπεδίου της Αθήνας αλλά και των αναγκών που θα προκύψουν από τις προγραμματιζόμενες αναπλάσεις (Μητροπολιτικό Πάρκο Ελληνικού, Ανάπλαση Ελαιώνα, Ανάπλαση Φαληρικού Όρμου, Κέντρο Πολιτισμού Ίδρυμα Σταύρος Νιάρχος). 5. Την εξέταση των ποιοτικών χαρακτηριστικών των υπογείων νερών του Λεκανοπεδίου Αθηνών και της δυνατότητας των υπογείων υδροφορέων να αποτελέσουν πηγή νερού για την κάλυψη των αρδευτικών αναγκών του περιαστικού πρασίνου. 6. Τις εναλλακτικές δυνατότητες εξεύρεσης νερού από επεξεργασμένα λύματα (κέντρο επεξεργασίας στον Άγιο Κοσμά, κέντρο ανάκτησης νερού στον Ελαιώνα, Masterplan για την επαναχρησιμοποίηση των εκροών των ΕΕΛ στην Αττική). 7. Την εξέταση εναλλακτικής πηγής νερού άρδευσης (σύστημα MBR) για την κάλυψη των αναγκών σε νερό άρδευσης του Κέντρου Πολιτισμού Ίδρυμα Σταύρος Νιάρχος στο οποίο προβλέπεται να λειτουργούν 5 υδρογεωτρήσεις και σύστημα αντίστροφης όσμωσης. 8. Την κοστολόγηση του παραπάνω συστήματος ΜΒR και την σύγκρισή του με το υφιστάμενο σύστημα άρδευσης. 9. Τα προβλήματα που είναι δυνατόν να προκύψουν από την εποχιακή λειτουργία της μονάδας και τους τρόπους αντιμετώπισής τους.	el
heal.abstract	The reduction and degradation of exploitable water resources due to continuously increasing demands of excessive use and pollution makes the reuse of wastewater an alternative solution for water uses such as irrigation and other urban uses besides drinking. In 1958, the United Nations Economic and Social Council provided a management policy by stating that "no higher quality water, unless there is a surplus of it, should be used for a purpose that can tolerate a lower grade" (United Nations, 1958). This work addresses the following issues: 1 The experience in wastewater reuse internationally (USA-California, Singapore, Israel, Spain, Australia, Cyprus, Central and South America) and in Greece 2 The review of international and Greek legislation for the proposed effluent criteria and guidelines on wastewater treatment for wastewater reuse in order to protect public health. 3 The overview of the most important decentralized wastewater treatment systems. (activated sludge, SBR, biofiltration, rotating biological contractors, constructed wetlands, MBR) 4 The identification of the current water demands for irrigation of urban green areas in Athens, as well as the anticipation of those needs that will arise from the development plans (Ellinikon Metropolitan Park, Elaionas development, Faliro Bay, development, Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center). 5 The examination of the qualitative characteristics of the underground in Athens and the potentials of the groundwater aquifer as an irrigation water resource. 6 The examination of alternative scenarios for wastewater reuse (wastewater treatment plan in Agios Kosmas, water recovery system in Elaionas, Masterplan for the reuse of wastewater treatment plans effluent in Attica). 7 Examining alternative source of irrigation water (decentralized system MBR) for the irrigation needs of Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center instead of the proposed system (five water boreholes and reverse osmosis system) 8. The total cost of the MBR system and comparison between the existing irrigation system and the MBR system. 9 The problems resulting from the seasonal operation of the unit and how these problems should be addressed. Experience in wastewater reuse Worldwide the wastewater is being reused, in developed countries where, is a sustainable management of water resources and environmental protection, and in the underdeveloped and developing countries of the third world, which is usually a solution to the acute problems of water scarcity that these countries suffer. In our country the wastewater reuse has not started essentially, only in individual cases, as in Kos (with direct irrigation of some tree crops), Heraklion (pilot project to enhance degraded aquifer of Finike), Thessaloniki (wastewater reuse of the Thessaloniki WWTP for irrigation at experimental fields of sugarcane, cotton, maize, rice and floriculture). A special case is the direct reuse is WWTP at Psittalia, where about 45.000 m3 of treated wastewater daily reused for irrigation at green areas, washing / cleaning plant and water cooling (ventilation blowers, Sludge Drying Thermal Unit). Recommended criteria for wastewater reuse Through epidemiological studies there is an attempt to determine any impacts of wastewater reuse to public health. Such research shows that the risk of disease transmission because of wastewater reuse is only in cases of untreated sewage or effluents of very poor quality. Up to the present , there are no international regulations governing water reclamation and reuse and countries follow either the stricter regulations imposed by the State of California and can be applied in developed countries, or the less strict set by the World Health Organization which can easily be implemented in developing countries that have not developed technology for wastewater treatment while having deficiency in water resources. In the European Union there is currently neither legislation nor guidelines regarding reuse (Council Directive), with only reference to Directive 91/271 “... The treated wastewater shall be reused whenever appropriate. " European countries tend to adopt strict criteria according to the regulations imposed by the State of California. In Greece the C.M.D. 145116/2011, is the first attempt to regulate institutional conditions and processes for the reuse of treated wastewater. According to the above CMD regarding reuse for irrigation there are two types of irrigation depending on the crop type, the irrigation system and the accessibility of public at irrigated areas. Crops for restricted irrigation include forests and areas where access to public is not expected , fodder, industrial crops, pastures, trees (including fruit bearing trees, on the condition that during collection the fruits do not come into contact with the ground), seed crops, crops that produce products which are processed before consumption. With respect to irrigation methods spray irrigation is not allowed. The minimum treatment required for restricted irrigation is secondary biological treatment and disinfection producing an effluent with E. Coli ≤ 200 EC / 100ml and BOD <25mg/ l, SS <35mg / l, Unrestricted irrigation includes all other crops such as vegetables, vineyards, crops, with products that are consumed raw, greenhouses. Unrestricted irrigation allows different irrigation methods including spray irrigation. The minimum treatment for unrestricted irrigation is secondary biological treatment, followed by tertiary treatment (normally coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration) and disinfection producing an effluent with E. Coli ≤ 5 EC / 100ml for 80% of samples, BOD ≤ 10 mg / l for 80% of samples, SS ≤ 10 mg / l for 80% of samples and turbidities below 2 NTU as an average value. Decentralized wastewater treatment systems The conventional activated sludge system is widely used because of its flexibility and adaptability to a wide range of applications. It consists of the biological treatment unit, the secondary clarifarier, the return activated sludge devise and the waste activated sludge device. The major differences between SBR and conventional activated sludge system is that the SBR tank carries out the functions of equalization aeration and sedimentation in a time sequence rather than in the conventional space sequence of continuous-flow systems. The operating principles of SBR system, are characterized in four discrete periods: filling, mixing, aeration/mixing and decant In biofiltration systems biomass is not in suspended growth as in activated sludge systems, but is attached to the medium (attached growth) Biofilter systems distinguished in fixed bed bioreactors (FBBR) and in moving bed bioreactors (MBBR). Rotating biological contactors systems combine activated sludge method and fixed bed bioreactors system. Biological growth is attached to the surface of the disc and partially in the air space above the reactor. Constructed wetlands treatment systems generally fall into one of two general categories: Subsurface Flow Systems and Free Water Surface Systems. Subsurface Flow Systems are designed to create subsurface flow through a permeable medium, keeping the water being treated below the surface, thereby helping to avoid the development of odors and other nuisance problems. Free Water Surface Systems, on the other hand, are designed to simulate natural wetlands, with the water flowing over the soil surface at shallow depths. The membrane bioreactors (MBR) constitute a progress of the conventional method of activated sludge wastewater treatment, in which microfiltration membranes (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF) used for the separation and retention of suspended sludge replacing large secondary clarifiers and /or sand filters of a conventional biological treatment. Irrigation water demand The demand for irrigation of urban green spaces including irrigation of parks, islands, squares etc., is estimated at 13.532.643m3 / year for an area estimated at 1503,6 ha The Metropolitan Park in Ellinikon is contemplated to cover 200 ha (111,8 ha irrigated area), with annual water demand estimated at 189.702.400m3 Elaionas redevelopment plan provides a total area of green area which is 342ha, with an annual water demand estimated at 57.200m3 The masterplan for the regeneration of Faliro Bay Metropolitan Park provides 53ha area. The construction of the Metropolitan Park will require significantly increased amounts of irrigation water (1000m3 / day) and in seasonal periods, amounts of fresh water mixing with seawater to create appropriate conditions for development and maintenance of the proposing wetland. The Cultural Center of the Stavros Niarchos Foundation includes, besides the facilities of Opera and the National Library of Greece , the Stavros Niarchos Park, 17ha of land with irrigation water demand estimated at 37.217 m3 / year Underground water quality According to the "Research Project investigating potential development and redevelopment Olympic venues in Greek Airport, 2001 'performance any water boreholes projects should not exceed 20 m3 / h for the eastern regions and the western, because of its proximity to the sea, pumping should not exceed 5-10 m3 / 24h. Largest amount of pumping can have the negative impact because of the seawater intrusion. According to the "Survey Hydrogeological Conditions and Groundwater Exploitation Status Athens Area, 1997" groundwater quality varies from good quality to completely unsuitable. According to "Hydrogeological - drilling research in areas Olympic Project 2004, November 2003" IGME has proposed a management program of 16 water boreholes which should be implemented strictly, to avoid problems that commonly occur in the aquifers and relate both poor quality and in sequence the reduce of the amount of irrigation water. Alternative options for covering the irrigation demand from wastewater reuse Under the "Research Project investigating potential development and redevelopment Olympic Venues Airport Greek (ORSA-NTUA., February 2001) for the development of the airport area and St. Cosmas, the construction of a wastewater treatment plant was proposed at a suitable position between Trachones stream, the proposed flood protection ditch and the new Ellinikon Avenue. The plan installation will process wastewater from the wastewater network and the effluent will be used for irrigation purposes in conjunction with groundwater. Under the "Integrated Study Design and Development and other necessary studies and surveys for the construction of Olympic venues Beach Volley and Regeneration of the Faliro Bay" elaborated the "Preliminary sources of water for irrigation," the proposed Reclamation Water Center in Elaionas, will provided wastewater from the main wastewater sewer and will process only the liquid phase and the solid one (sludge) will be rejected again in the main wastewater sewer and will continue to process at the Psittallia wastewater treatment plan. The capacity of the unit will be 1.200 m3 / day and the construction cost is estimated at 1.5 million. Euros. including wastewater abstraction works. According to the "Strategic Plan (Masterplan) for the reuse of effluent of WWTP in Athens' is proposed the use of the effluents from the reclamation water centers that will be created in WWTP Psittalia, Thriasion, Metamorphosis, and Megara. Production costs for 1m3 water (not counting the cost of basic sanitation and sewerage) ranging from 0.25 to 0,35€/ m3 approximately. Decentralized MBR system covering the irrigation demand of SNFCC The system is designed for the discharge of 330 m3 / d. The wastewater will be supplied from the pump located at the Metamorfoseos Sotiros Square in Moschato (discharge of the pump 10.000 m3 / d). The footprint of the unit is 370 m2 inside an industrial building. The unit includes inlet pumping system, pretreatment compact system capacity 36m3 / h, fine sieving system capacity 25m3 / h, deodorizing system, biological treatment unit that includes denitrification tank volume 30m3 and aeration tank volume 105m3 including membrane bioreactors volume 39m3, sludge recirculation and excess sludge pumping system, air blower units, infiltrated water pumps and chemical storage vessel for membrane cleaning. The construction cost of the plant was estimated at 848.458,00 € and the annual operating cost 21.052,29 €. The average production cost of reclamation water estimated at 0,23 € / m3, while the overhead of the cost of construction of the plant was estimated at 0,71 € / m3 therefore reclamation water total cost was estimated at 0.94 € / m3 The unit will operate for nine months (March-November). At the begging of the operation the system operates at low load. The time required for the full development of the biomass is usually 3-5 weeks. It is proposed to accelerate the biomass growth with the insertion of microorganisms. Excess sludge will return to the network and be processed at the wastewater treatment plant in Psittalia.	en
heal.advisorName	Μαμάης, Δανιήλ	el
heal.committeeMemberName	Γιακουμάκης, Σπυρίδων	el
heal.committeeMemberName	Ανδρεαδάκης, Ανδρέας	el
heal.committeeMemberName	Μαμάης, Δανιήλ	el
heal.academicPublisher	Εθνικό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο. Σχολή Αρχιτεκτόνων Μηχανικών. Τομέας Υδατικών Πόρων και Περιβάλλοντος	el
heal.academicPublisherID	ntua
heal.numberOfPages	163 σ.
heal.fullTextAvailability	true