Evaluation of the effectiveness of materials used for the microbial decontamination of wooden works of art

El Gamal, Rehab G.; ΕΛ ΓΚΑΜΑΛ, ΡΗΧΑΜΠ Γ.

dc.contributor.author	El Gamal, Rehab G.	el
dc.contributor.author	ΕΛ ΓΚΑΜΑΛ, ΡΗΧΑΜΠ Γ.	el
dc.date.accessioned	2018-11-19T10:02:09Z
dc.date.available	2018-11-19T10:02:09Z
dc.date.issued	2018-11-19
dc.identifier.uri	https://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/48039
dc.identifier.uri	http://dx.doi.org/10.26240/heal.ntua.3040
dc.rights	Αναφορά Δημιουργού-Μη Εμπορική Χρήση-Όχι Παράγωγα Έργα 3.0 Ελλάδα	*
dc.rights.uri	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/gr/	*
dc.subject	Archeologicl wood, Chitosan protection, Crystallinity index, Damage of wooden artifacts, Filamentous fungi, FTIR, Fungal damage, Prevention of fungal growth, UV spectrophotometry, Wood deterioration, XRD	en
dc.title	Evaluation of the effectiveness of materials used for the microbial decontamination of wooden works of art	el
heal.type	doctoralThesis
heal.secondaryTitle	Αξιολόγηση της αποτελεσματικότητας υλικών που χρησιμοποιούνται για τη μικροβιακή απολύμανση ξύλινων έργων τέχνης	el
heal.classification	ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΗ ΥΛΙΚΩΝ	el
heal.language	en
heal.access	free
heal.recordProvider	ntua	el
heal.publicationDate	2018-07-09
heal.abstract	1 Summary This study includes an introduction, aims of the study and seven chapter. The details of these chapters are as follow: Chapter one: Chemistry and types of wood This chapter includes wood chemistry, which contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Wood also contains elements such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, silicon, and cadmium contribute to the chemical composition of wood. This chapter also contains types of wood, which include hardwood (oak, maple, Mahogany, Walnut, Rosewood, Teak, and Cherry) and softwood (Pine, ash, Hickory, beech, birch, cedar, redwood, Hemlock, fir and Spruce). Chapter Two: Fungal deterioration of archaeological wood This chapter explains the fungal deterioration of archaeological wood. It explained Physiological requirements of wood-destroying and wood-inhabiting fungi. In addition to the chemical composition of wood, several other factors greatly influence decay rates. These factors include nutrients (wood components), temperature, moisture, oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion concentration. The most common aspects of deterioration resulted from these factors staining of wood with different colors. The mechanism of wood decay is explained. White-rot fungi, Brown-rot fungi, and Soft-rot fungi were also explained. Some negative changes such as weight loss, strength loss and discoloration were observed. Chapter Three: Materials and methods Four archaeological sites in Islamic Cairo were used for the isolation of fungi used in this study (The Mosque of Sabiile and Koutab Suleiman Agha Selehdar dated back to 1837–1839 AD, The Mosque of Abu Haribh dated back to 1480 and 1481 AD, The Mosque of El Musafir Khana which was built in 1779 AD and the second in 1783 AD, and The Mosque of El Mouayed Sheikh Al-Mahmoudi dated back to 1415 to 1421 AD. New pitch pine samples were prepared, to be used in all the experimental studies. Isolation of and identification of fungi were done. Three fungi were identified (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Penicillium 2 chrysogenum). Chitosan, propiconazole and tebuconazole fungicides are used with different concentrations. Artificial fungal deterioration before and after fungicides treatment was applied. Investigation techniques used for the evaluation of fungicides used are Measurement of color change with UV spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) for the determination of wood crystallinity. Chapter Four: Results and discussion of chitosan fungicide The best results obtained from the color measurement proved that the total color difference in the infected samples increased with increasing incubation time. The total color difference in the treated samples decreased with increasing concentration of chitosan. FTIR analysis confirmed that for all three fungi studied, infected samples treated with chitosan were more amorphous during the incubation times than the infected and untreated samples. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that with all three fungi studied, the peak positions of cellulose I ((101), (10ĺ) and (002)) in infected samples decreased compared to the control samples at all incubation times. The peak positions of the infected, treated samples increased with increasing concentration of chitosan. The crystallinity index, measured with either the first or the second method, decreased, but it increased after the third and fourth months of incubation with any of the fungi studied. Chapter Five: Results and discussion of the fungicide propiconazole For measurement of color, the results revealed that the whiteness in the infected samples with fungi decreased up to the second month and re-increased to the fourth month. The yellowness of the untreated infected samples increased. The treated samples with propiconazole fungicide gave good resistance against fungal deterioration. For FTIR analysis, Treatment with propiconazole at the concentrations used and infected with Aspergillus flavus negatively affected hemicellulose content and enhanced 3 cellulose depolymerization and oxidation. However, it protected lignin from fungal decay. For the fungicide-treated, infected samples, the crystallinity index increased compared to the control sample. The increase in the crystallinity index decreased with increasing incubation time. Chapter Six: Results and discussion of the fungicide tubeconazole For color measurement, the second (0.50%) of tubeconazole fungicide gave better results than the first concentration (0.25%) for both whiteness and yellowness indices. The results obtained by FTIR showed that increased tebuconazole concentrations were needed to achieve acceptable protection against Aspergillus niger due to oxidation of this fungicide, especially at low concentrations of fungicide. The crystallinity index, measured with all concentrations used decreased with increasing the incubation time. Chapter Seven: Conclusions Fungi play an important role in the deterioration of archeological wood in Egypt, especially in certain environments. Asperigllus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Penicillium chrysogenum were the fungi identified from different sites in historical Cairo, Egypt. The investigation techniques used in this study gave good indication on the effectiveness of fungicides used for the protection of wood against fungal deterioration. Many fungicides are used for the preservation of wood against fungal deterioration, but chitosan, propiconazole, and tebuconazole fungicides were used in this study at limited concentrations. Chitosan was used at 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%. Propiconazole and tebuconazole were used at 0.25% and 0.50%. These limited concentrations gave good resistance to fungal deterioration. The best results were obtained with chitosan, followed by tebuconazole and propiconazole.	en
heal.sponsor	The State Scholarship’s Foundation (I.K.Y.) in Greece .	el
heal.advisorName	Χριστακόπουλος, Παύλος	el
heal.committeeMemberName	Χριστακόπουλος, Παύλος	el
heal.committeeMemberName	Κέκος, Δημήτριος	el
heal.committeeMemberName	Κολίσης, Φραγκίσκος	el
heal.committeeMemberName	Τόπακας, Ευάγγελος	el
heal.committeeMemberName	Χατζηνικολαόυ, Δημήτριος	el
heal.committeeMemberName	Ζερβάκης, Γιώργος,	el
heal.committeeMemberName	ΑΒΝΤ ΕΛ ΜΑΚΣΟΥΝΤ, ΓΚΟΜΑΑ	el
heal.academicPublisher	Σχολή Χημικών Μηχανικών	el
heal.academicPublisherID	ntua
heal.numberOfPages	139 σ.
heal.fullTextAvailability	true