Εφαρμογή μεθόδων τηλεπισκόπησης στην αναγνώριση των πρακτικών βιολογικής καλλιέργειας σύμφωνα με τους Ευρωπαϊκούς Κανονισμούς

Στρατής, Πέτρος; Stratis, Petros

dc.contributor.author	Στρατής, Πέτρος	el
dc.contributor.author	Stratis, Petros	en
dc.date.accessioned	2019-11-01T08:28:25Z
dc.date.available	2019-11-01T08:28:25Z
dc.identifier.uri	https://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/49368
dc.identifier.uri	http://dx.doi.org/10.26240/heal.ntua.17066
dc.description	Εθνικό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο--Μεταπτυχιακή Εργασία. Διεπιστημονικό-Διατμηματικό Πρόγραμμα Μεταπτυχιακών Σπουδών (Δ.Π.Μ.Σ.) “Περιβάλλον και Ανάπτυξη"	el
dc.rights	Αναφορά Δημιουργού-Μη Εμπορική Χρήση-Όχι Παράγωγα Έργα 3.0 Ελλάδα	*
dc.rights.uri	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/gr/	*
dc.subject	Τηλεπισκόπηση	el
dc.subject	Βιολογική Γεωργία
dc.subject	Πιστοποίηση
dc.subject	Λιπάσματα
dc.subject	ΓΣΠ
dc.subject	Organic Agriculture	en
dc.subject	Remote Sensing	en
dc.subject	Organic Agriculture	en
dc.subject	GIS	en
dc.subject	Certification	en
dc.subject	Fertilizers	en
dc.subject
dc.title	Εφαρμογή μεθόδων τηλεπισκόπησης στην αναγνώριση των πρακτικών βιολογικής καλλιέργειας σύμφωνα με τους Ευρωπαϊκούς Κανονισμούς	el
heal.type	masterThesis
heal.secondaryTitle	Application of remote sensing technics in order to recognize organic agriculture practices, according to European Legislation.	el
heal.generalDescription	Η παρούσα εργασία αποτελεί μία προσπάθεια να διαχωριστούν τα βιολογικά καλλιεργούμενα αγροτεμάχια, από αυτά που καλλιεργούνται με μεθόδους ολοκληρωμένης διαχείρισης, όπως και τα βιοδυναμικά. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν δεδομένα από την ελληνική περιφέρεια σε καλλιέργειες ελιάς, αλλά και από την Ελβετία, το πολυετές πείραμα του FIBL στην Βασιλεία.	el
heal.classification	Τηλεπισκόπηση	el
heal.classification	Remote Sensing	el
heal.classification	Γεωργία	el
heal.classification	Agriculture	el
heal.language	el
heal.access	free
heal.recordProvider	ntua	el
heal.publicationDate	2019-06-26
heal.abstract	Organic farming has lost considerable support, while some of the producers who actually cultivate organic products are likely not to be able to compete with others who may be using illegal substances and can not be detected by available control methods, due to the high cost, or frequency of visit, either because of the sensitivity of the available methods. Thus, a method that can provide an indication of parcels that may have been cultivated using conventional production methods, although the producer claims to apply all organic methods, will provide greater safety for the consumers by integrating into the risk analysis of each certification body . Therefore the inspection bodies will carry out inspections on producers whose parcels are at increased risk of deviating from the accepted cultivation method. In addition, such a tool will help to protect the environment by reducing on-site inspections as it will be controlled directly by satellite images (and the important is that they are multitemporal), making audits more objective as well as less environmentally friendly (due to the fuel consumption for the transport of inspectors to and from the agricultural plots of producers). At the beginning of this study, English and Greek-language publications were searched, so as to identify corresponding tasks, related to the use of remote sensing in the separation of organic and non-cultivated parcels. Eventually, only three publications were found worldwide. One concerns vine growing and the other two annual crops, and also one postgraduate diploma project. Conclusion is that the present work is something that has not been explored globally. Probably the difficulties in identifying and comparing parcels also in reality, as this is not an industrial process, just with a specific image, is probably the reason why the remote sensing rules have not yet been successfully implemented. Nevertheless, the European Union is focused to establish the fructure and infrastructures that will offer the service of organic certification with what the modern technology can offer and also the satellite imagery and aerial photographs at visible or not visible wavelength. In the available literature it seems that similar efforts have been made more in annual crops, except for one case where in 2014 the analysis was carried out on vineyards, with high accuracy results in the diversification of organic crops from conventional. In 2014, a successful experiment was carried out in France, where organically grown vines could be separated from conventional cultivation by remote sensing technics and accuracy 91% [1]. In particular, it has been found that the use of chemicals used in conventional crops ultimately affects the composition of the leaves and the structure of the cells, which is an important factor in capturing a characteristic spectrum in these vines. According to this study, assuming that cultivation care is the same (pruning etc.), the differences between conventional and organic lie in two important factors: chemical applications and soil cover. Also in this study it is stated that infrared is very important in the separation between organic and conventional vineyards, while it is significant that NDVI does not detect differences between the two cultivation methods, but this was useful when NDVI was measured with near infrared. The study, referring to a successful experiment in the diversification of organic non-cotton crops in Africa, concerns parcels of genetically modified cotton. An important factor in the diversification of organic parcels was the fact that organic fertilizers and manure are applied, so that the cultivation is not as homogeneous as in conventional crops, while the absence of herbicide use is very important, so there are also weeds inside the organic plots. Finally, it is recorded that the treatment of insects and diseases is not as successful in organic plots as in conventional ones, with the result that the image of biological fragments is more varied. In the study conducted in Germany to determine whether satellites can contribute to the certification of organic products [2], images from satellites were used and three differences between biological and conventional crops were analyzed due to plant nitrogen variation and Chlorophyll concentration II on biomass on parcels. Also, the heterogeneity observed in organic crops, as well as the traces of tractors, were more closely observed, which is much more common in conventional crops than in organic crops. The results showed that in this even limited study, it was found that satellite imagery may be efficient in distinguishing biological from conventional plots. Indeed, the result was the correct classification in rate ranged from 80 to 100%. The methodology followed was originally based on the idea of finding differences in indicators such as NDVI or corresponding channel relationships between organic and non-agricultural parcels. In long-term, while the analysis process of low-cost satellite imagery is improved, as well as using more images so as to be possible to inspect either the tractors that entering a parcel, will be possible to compare this to the producer's records and during the onsite audit to be possible to validate the real situation and the correctness of the producer’s record keeping. The project was intended to be applied to olive-growing parcels in the Greek territory. Producers with organic parcels were eventually identified, but the variation and uncertainty of the practices applied to the parcels of other organic farmers and conventional crops (often cultivated as organic) was the reason to search for additional sources from the OPEKEPE Paying and Controlling Authority. Finally, the search also resulted to communicate and collaborate with Swiss FIBL, which data were provided on a long-term experiment for organic, biodynamic and integrated cultivated parcel comparison in Switzerland. The comparison for the current work was made by taking multi-spectral images and then creating multitemporal composites of their own images or NDVIs. The results and main findings of the work are the finding that it is possible to separate parcels that have received unauthorized substances in organic farming, such as herbicides or other media, mainly by using multitemporal composite images, and observing indices such as NDVI. There is a small relative success rate of 20% in the classification of multitemporal images created by multi-spectral images in the area of the long-term FIBL experiment in Switzerland, where Biological, Biodynamic and Integrated Management practices are compared to field samples, while the comparison of parcels treated with herbicides , compared to those that they have not accepted can be successfully distinguished and some parcels have already been recorded at risk of being herbicides. Ultimately, the fact that the existing literature on the subject is limited, but the subject matter seems to have results and the use of further research at various levels, as organic farming is a method that ensures the environment in rural areas as well as health of residents and workers in areas previously unsafe to apply agrochemicals even by air, while acting as a lever for transferring knowledge to producers. Not only that, organic farming has been backed by substantial sums of money from European Funds, and the development and implementation of a system like this is necessary, since it will be the tool that can, if not an immediate response if a parcel is cultivated organically , the sign that there is a risk that some units will not comply with the requirements of the European Regulations. Consequently, the combination of organic farming and the proper way of carrying out controls, with the main objective of reducing unnecessary movements and proper certification of producers, will lead to the implementation and maintenance of the scanty growth in Greek and not just in the countryside.	el
heal.sponsor	Για αυτήν την εργασία πρέπει να ευχαριστήσω ιδιαίτερα τους γονείς μου και την μικρή Αδαμαντία για την υπομονή και την στήριξη σε όλο το εγχείρημα του Μεταπτυχιακού Διπλώματος. Την τριμελή επιτροπή που ανέλαβε την στήριξη της εργασία, τον Δρ. Πολυχρόνη Κολοκούση και τον Καθηγητή Δρ. Δημήτρη Αργιαλά, οι οποίοι στήριξαν την προσπάθεια της παρούσας διπλωματικής και βοήθησαν να ξεπεραστούν όσα προβλήματα και δυσκολίες υπήρξαν σε όλα τα επίπεδα. Χωρίς την βοήθειά τους και την υπομονή τους να εξηγούν και να κατευθύνουν, δεν θα μπορούσε να ολοκληρωθεί αυτό το εγχείρημα και τον Αναπληρωτή Καθηγητή Δρ. Κώστα Καράντζαλο για τις υποδείξεις και συστάσεις του. Τον Δρ. Εμίρη Δ. και Δρ. Βέμμο Στ. που με τις συστατικές τους επιστολές μπόρεσα να ξεκινήσω αυτό το μεταπτυχιακό δίπλωμα. Τον Dr. Joseph Mascaro Διευθυντή στα ακαδημαϊκά προγράμματα της Planet, όπως και την υπόλοιπη ομάδα της Planet για τις εικόνες που μας παρείχαν πρόσβαση με σκοπό να ολοκληρωθεί η παρούσα εργασία. Τους ανθρώπους του Τμήματος Τεχνικού Ελέγχου του ΟΠΕΚΕΠΕ για την άμεση διάθεση των δεδομένων που ζητήθηκαν για τη διπλωματική (τον Λόη Κ., τον Σκαρμούτσο Κ. κ.α.). Επιπλέον, τον κ. Ντούτσια Γεώργιο για την φιλοξενία του και την παροχή πληροφοριών για αγροτεμάχια που καλλιεργεί και τον κ. Βαλλή Νίκο από τον Αγροτικό Συνεταιρισμό Ροβιών για την διάθεση συνεργασίας και τις πληροφορίες που απέστειλε για τα αγροτεμάχια που καλλιεργεί. Τον Δρ. Reto Ingold και τους Δρ. Paul Mauder και Δρ. Urs Niggli, οι οποίοι στήριξαν την εργασία παρέχοντας όσα δεδομένα απαιτούνταν για την εφαρμογή του πειράματος στο μακροχρόνιο πείραμα του FIBL στην Ελβετία. Τέλος, όλους τους καθηγητές και το προσωπικό του Πανεπιστημίου που στηρίζει όλη τη προσπάθεια της πραγματοποίησης αυτού του Μεταπτυχιακού Διπλώματος, παρέχοντας νέα γνώση και εμπειρίες, οι οποίες ελπίζω ότι θα μπορέσουν να αξιοποιηθούν για τη βελτίωση του κοινωνικού συνόλου.	el
heal.advisorName	Αργιαλάς, Δημήτριος	el
heal.committeeMemberName	Καράντζαλος, Κωνσταντίνος	el
heal.committeeMemberName	Κολοκούσης, Πολυχρόνης	el
heal.academicPublisher	Εθνικό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο. Σχολή Αγρονόμων και Τοπογράφων Μηχανικών	el
heal.academicPublisherID	ntua
heal.numberOfPages	135 σ.	el
heal.fullTextAvailability	true