Υδατικοί πόροι της ευρύτερης περιοχής Ροδίτσας Δέλτα Σπερχειού νομού Φθιώτιδας,με έμφαση στην υδροχημεία και την ποιότητα.

Abstract

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η διερεύνηση του καθεστώτος των υδατικών πόρων (υπόγειων και επιφανειακών) στην ευρύτερη περιοχή της Ροδίτσας με έμφαση στην υδροχημεία και την ποιότητά τους, τόσο μέσω βιβλιογραφικής επισκόπησης όσο και μέσω δειγματοληψιών – χημικών αναλύσεων και επεξεργασία αυτών. Πρόκειται για μια περιοχή που βρίσκεται στο δελταϊκό τμήμα της κοιλάδας του Σπερχειού, κατάντη της Λαμίας, πρωτεύουσας του Νομού Φθιώτιδας. Αρχικά περιγράφεται η ευρύτερη περιοχή στην οποία ανήκει η υπό μελέτη περιοχή και συγκεκριμένα παρατίθενται τα στοιχεία του υδατικού διαμερίσματος της Ανατολικής Στερεάς Ελλάδας. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζεται η λεκάνη απορροής του Σπερχειού που αποτελεί τμήμα του υδατικού διαμερίσματος και περιέχει την περιοχή μελέτης. Ακολούθως εστιάζεται το ενδιαφέρον στην περιοχή ενδιαφέροντος παραθέτοντας στοιχεία όπως γενικά χαρακτηριστικά (όρια, μορφολογία, ανάγλυφο, κλίσεις και κλίμα), ιστορικά στοιχεία των εγγειοβελτιωτικών έργων αλλά και των υφιστάμενων έργων του αρδευτικού και στραγγιστικού δικτύου. Έπειτα υπολογίζεται το υδατικό ισοζύγιο του μετεωρολογικού σταθμού της Λαμίας, εντοπίζονται οι κύριοι τροφοδότες σε αρδευτικό νερό και υπολογίζονται οι ανάγκες σε αρδευτικό νερό των καλλιεργειών του αναδασμού. Ένα τμήμα αφιερώνεται στις καρστικές πηγές της Μεγάλης Βρύσης με επεξεργασία των μετρήσεων των παροχών τους. Ακολουθούν γενικά στοιχεία της Εγκατάστασης Επεξεργασίας Λυμάτων αλλά και στοιχεία για την επαναχρησιμοποίηση των επεξεργασμένων λυμάτων σε διάφορες χρήσεις αλλά και συγκεκριμένα στην άρδευση των καλλιεργειών του αναδασμού της περιοχής. Το 4ο κεφάλαιο περιλαμβάνει το ερευνητικό τμήμα της εργασίας καθώς σε αυτό παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα των χημικών αναλύσεων, τα στοιχεία της επεξεργασίας αυτών (υδροχημικά διαγράμματα και υδροχημικοί χάρτες) και η αξιολόγηση αυτών. Στο 5ο κεφάλαιο περιέχονται παρατηρήσεις και σχόλια που προέκυψαν από την αξιολόγηση των αποτελεσμάτων των χημικών αναλύσεων και στοιχεία φαινομένων που τυχόν να λαμβάνουν χώρα στην περιοχή. Έτσι παρατίθενται στοιχεία υφαλμύρισης και ποιοτικής υποβάθμισης των υδατικών πόρων, στοιχεία ανθρωπογενών επεμβάσεων - δυνητικών πηγών ρύπανσης αυτών αλλά και στοιχεία υπεραντλήσεων και των επιπτώσεων αυτών. Η εργασία αυτή ολοκληρώνεται με μια σύνοψη των κυριότερων συμπερασμάτων και τη διατύπωση ορισμένων προτάσεων στην κατεύθυνση της βελτίωσης της υπάρχουσας κατάστασης στην περιοχή.

This post-graduate project will attempt to explore the regime of water resources within the area of Roditsa. It is about an area located in the delta of Spercheos Valley, near Lamia which is the capital of Fthiotida County. Due to its special geological, hydrogeomorphological and terrain features, there is strong human activity especially in the protogenic sector and specifically in agriculture. It is worth mentioning that the activity which takes place in the study area is vital for both local and national standards supporting the local protogenic production significantly. Consequently, the purpose of this project is to depict the water force (underground and surface) of the region and at the same time to locate the forces (human or not) that are used there which contribute to the quantitative and qualitative downgrading of underground and surface water resources.

Structure of study

In the first chapter, an account is being given about the region in which the study area belongs to and the data of the water district of the Eastern Sterea Ellada. Firstly, the main characteristics of the district are presented such as the geographic, geomorphologic and geological facts and its developing identity. Furthermore, the main hydrologic and hydrogeological facts are described such as hydrogeologic basins, underground water-carriers and hydrologic balance. Moreover, this chapter includes the basic water uses, the overall today’s demands and the approach of future demands. In addition, all the areas of the water district are presented which are under protection according to the requirements of the article 1, instruction 91/271/EU. Finally, the facts of balance between supply and demand are given according to the facts of previous sections. In the second chapter, the basin flow of Spercheos river is described. To begin with, it includes facts such as the location, limits, expanse, climate and hydrographic main which is developed in the area. It continues with facts of the water force (surface and underground), the irrigation system and the needs of crops for water. Besides the above, the geological structure – freemasonry and the hydrogeologic facts are included such as underground water-carrier landscapes which are developed in the area. Next, the most important part of the springs of the area are mentioned (karstic and thermomineral) as well as the piezometric data. What follows is the data of the biotic natural environment in the mouth of Spercheos river which is an area under protection (Natura) and a shelter for the wildlife. Lastly, the evaluation of the qualitative status of the water resources are mentioned locating the reasons which cause their downgrading. In the third chapter, the focus is more on the study area. In the beginning, specific data are given such as the limits, morphology, bas-relief, slopes and the climate of the study area. Then, the water balance of the Meteorological Service of Lamia is estimated based on the data of the Weather Forecast Agency. After that, historical data of the soil improvement projects are indicated and the irrigation areas, the irrigation and drain system are described in details. Next, the water needs which are required in the land redistribution cultivation are estimated. The irrigation water suppliers are located, the existing soil improvement projects and the way the water is distributed to the cultivation are described. We continue with soil, geology and hydrogeology data of the area (underground and water-carriers). A large section of this chapter is dedicates to the karstic springs of Megali Vrisi which are in the area and form one of the water suppliers of the area in irrigation water. There was an elaboration of the flow measurements and based on the Maillet model the drain factor a of the karstic system was estimated, leading us to important conclusions about that. Also, emphasis is given on the ecological type of the springs as they are shelters of a rare kind of fish which is unique and is called Hellenopygosteos. The sewage treatment processing facilities of Lamia are in the study area. General information is given about these facilities and their qualitative features of their inflow and outflow. Finally, information is given about the reuse of processed sewage in various situations and particularly in irrigating the cultivation of land redistribution. The fourth chapter includes the research of this project. Firstly, theoretical data are submitted about the quality of the water, its suitability in various uses, the standards of its uses, the features of the underground water from different geological formations and data about the presentation of the results from chemical analysis. Next, there are data of the sampling we took from the study area, the chemical analysis and its results. The results are chosen to be shown in groups; the first is about the underground water (diagrams, graphs, hydrochemical maps of distributing the concentration of the main ingredients that were measured) and the second one is about surface water. Comments and observations are also indicated about the results and the distributions which occurred. In the fifth chapter, some observations are included in regard with brackish and downgrading of the underground water that occur from the results of this research and from previous ones. Moreover, the issue of super-pumping and the consequences is analyzed – phenomena that can be caused in the study area. Lastly, the potential causes of pollution and the human interventions are given which have a direct effect on the study area and the wider area in general. The sixth chapter includes the completion of this project summarizing the main conclusions that arise and making suggestions about the improvement of the current situation. This project also includes an appendix which contains geological sections of the drillings that were possible to be tautologized, charts of level changes and conductivity in drillings of the area based on outdoors measurements which are the results of recent studies and were tautologised with the drillings of this study and photographic material that was taken during the inspection of the study area.