Ανανεώσιμες Πηγές Ενέργειας και Διαχείριση Παράκτιας Ζώνης στην Ελλάδα

Abstract

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας αποτελεί η κριτική προσέγγιση του νομοθετικού πλαισίου για τις ΑΠΕ, με έμφαση στα αιολικά πάρκα και η εφαρμογή του στην παράκτια ζώνη. Στα πλαίσιά της, έγινε διερεύνηση ανάπτυξης χερσαίων αιολικών έργων στην παράκτια ζώνη της Περιοχή Αιολικής Καταλληλότητας 3 (ΠΑΠ 3) όπως αυτή ορίζεται από το Ειδικο Χωροταξικό Πλαίσιο για τις ΑΠΕ. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται αναφορά στις κατηγορίες των ΑΠΕ, και παραθέτονται οι ευρωπαϊκοί και εθνικοί στόχοι για την ανάπτυξή τους. Γίνεται μια εκτεταμένη ανάλυση του νομοθετικού πλαισίου που τις διέπει ενώ ιδιαίτερη βαρύτητα δίνεται στην ανάλυση του ΕΧΠ για τα αιολικά έργα. Τέλος, γίνεται αναφορά στα συνοδά έργα των χερσαίων αιολικών εγκαταστάσεων και στις επιπτώσεις που μπορεί να έχουν. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο αναλύεται διεξοδικά η ελληνική νομοθεσία που αφορά την παράκτια ζώνη. Αναφέρονται οι ευρωπαϊκές κατευθύνσεις για την ολοκληρωμένη διαχείρισή της και πως αυτές ενσωματώθηκαν στο ελληνικό νομικό δίκαιο. Τέλος διερευνήθηκε αν υπάρχουν περιορισμοί στο νομοθετικό πλαίσιο της παράκτιας ζώνης για την ανάπτυξη των ΑΠΕ. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο παραθέτονται τα προβλήματα που εντοπίστηκαν στη νομοθεσία, τις προοπτικές και προτείνονται μέτρα που θα βοηθήσουν στην αντιμετώπιση των δυσκολιών. Στη συνέχεια ακολουθεί το τέταρτο κεφάλαιο όπου παρουσιάζεται η περιοχή μελέτης και εφαρμόζονται τα κριτήρια χωροθέτησης αιολικών πάρκων σύμφωνα με το ΕΧΠ. Διερευνήθηκαν οι ασύμβατες χρήσεις της περιοχής και υπολογίστηκε το εμβαδό των συμβατών με την ανάπτυξη αιολικών πάρκων εκτάσεων της περιοχής και έγινε ειδικός σχολιασμός των αποτελεσμάτων στην περιοχή της Μονεμβασιάς. Τέλος, ακολουθούν τα συμπεράσματα όπου αναλύθηκαν τα αποτελέσματα του πονήματος.

The aim of this dissertation is the critical approach of the greek legislative frame concerning the Renewable Energy Sources (RES), with emphasis on land wind parks and their implementation within the coastal zone. As a practical example, the possibility of land planning a wind park in the costal zone of the Wind Priority Area (WPA) 3, (southeast Peloponnese), was examined according to the Special Land Planning Framework (SLP) for RES. In the first chapter, there is a short reference to the categories of RES, the European and National targets. An extensive reference is made to the legislative frame concerning the RES and especially the SLP for RES. The side installation works of wind parks were mentioned as well as their effects on the environment. The RES legislative framework is found to be friendly to the installation of RES in the coastal zone for two main reasons. The first being the fact that RES projects are categorised as common utility projects by the greek law, which allows their installation at foreshore and beach areas. Moreover, in order to promote off-shore wind parks, there is an explicit reference in the greek legislation, according to which, intervations in the coastal zones are allowed in order to implement RES projects. The SLP distinguishes the greek mainland in wind priority areas (WPA) and wind appropriateness areas (WAA), based on their wind potential and the wind parks investment interest. The WPA have a greater capacity in wind installations, which is determined in terms of land coverage for each municipality. The SLP also determines the exclusion areas and the minimum distance between wind installations and these incompatible land uses. It also sets rules for the optical interference to sites of interests. The second chapter refers to the greek legal frame on coastal zones. There is a review on the European targets on Integral Coastal Zone Management and how this is implemented in the greek legislative frame. The existence of limitations for RES installations in this area was investigated. The coastal zone legislation recognises RES as means to protectthe climate. Additionally, it clearly allows foreshore and beach interventions for common utility projects. In the third chapter, the problems of the legislation frame were reviewed as well as the perspectives of the development of RES in the coastal area. Also, there are recommendations for aiding the RES development. Specifically, despite the fact that the legislative frame has become remarkably friendly to RES development, the RES energy penetration in the greek network is still poor. Therefore, meeting the target of having a participation of 3372 MW by 2010 was proven to be a difficult task, as the penetration has only reached 1298 MW in the year 2010. This deviation occurs due to the existence of three parameters. The first is the weakness of the local society to accept wind park installations. The second is the fact that the electricity grid is not yet sufficient in integrating the amounts of energy produced by RES. Lastly, in many cases there are conflicting land planning rules due to the long duration of the preparation of land uses designs. The proposed measures mainly consist of the simplification of the procedures, the development of the electricity networks and the information of the local society. The fourth chapter refers to the practical application of the criteria of the SLP to the area of research, the coastal zone of the southeast Peloponnese, which is an area with high wind potential. A 10 km zone from the shore line was considered to be the coastal zone, in which all the non compatible areas for wind power installations were found and the possibility of their installation was discovered. It was found that the capacity set by the Special Land Planning Framework (SLP) for RES is the limiting factor in the implementation of land wind parks, despite the fact that all the limitations were considered and the criteria were fullfiled. In other words, a lower level approach was attempted in order to investigate the possible weaknesses of the upper level approach ruled by the SLP. Specifically, the capacity as it is set in the SPL for that particular area (478 wind turbines) limits the actual capability of exploiting the region’s wind potential. The criterial approach for the coastal zone has proven that there is the possibility of installing 688 wind turbines. All incompatible areas including settlements, port facilities, bathing beaches, monasteries and others were removed and having the given municipalitycapacity for that specific region, the number of possible wind power generators was calculated. Finally, the fifth chapter consists of the conclusions of the research project. It was found that a local examination of the specific area and applying all the criteria by the SLP for RES can result in a more rational use of the legislation, instead of having a large scale planning scheme. Additionally, the conflicting land planning rules causes major delays to the procedure, as well as the lack of efficiency in the electricity grids consist of another draw back factor. The issue of the difficulty in accepting a wind power system is attributed to the lack of information of the local society, as well as the fact that the greek control services have shown poor efficiency in ensuring that all provisions are taken, not only during the constructionbut also the operation of the RES projects. Summarising, a lower level design (on a local basis) is proposed, with a better involvement of the local society in terms of participation to the profits of an installation of this kind.