Υδατικοί πόροι της νήσου Χίου. Υφιστάμενη γνώση και προτάσεις

Abstract

Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία, έχει ως αντικείμενο την ανάδειξη του υδατικού καθεστώτος που επικρατεί στη νήσο Χίο, με αναφορές στην ποιότητα του νερού, στα αποθέματα που υπάρχουν, στα προβλήματα που έχουν εμφανιστεί και γενικά στον τρόπο διαχείρισής του νερού. Αρκετές μελέτες έχουν γίνει, κυρίως από το 1980 και μετά, με σχετικές αναφορές σε διάφορες θέσεις του νησιού αλλά κυρίως σχετικές με την ποιότητα του νερού που καλύπτει τις ανάγκες ύδρευσης της πόλης της Χίου. Στα 9 κεφάλαια που περιλαμβάνει η εργασία, γίνεται αρχικά αναφορά, σε θέματα γεωλογικά, μορφολογικά, υδρολογικά και τέλος περιβαλλοντικά με την παρουσίαση των πιθανών ρυπογόνων εστιών που βρίσκονται στο νησί. Ιδιαίτερη έμφαση δίνεται στην υδρολογική λεκάνη του Κορακάρη, που καλύπτει το μεγαλύτερο μέρος για τις ανάγκες ύδρευσης της πόλης της Χίου, και δίνεται η εικόνα των προβλημάτων που αντιμετωπίζει η ευρύτερη περιοχή, τα τελευταία χρόνια. Περιγράφονται τα τεχνικά έργα που έχουν γίνει ή πρόκειται να υλοποιηθούν στο νησί και παρουσιάζονται πολύ γενικά, για όλο το εύρος του νησιού, οι θέσεις που υπάρχει νερό, τα διάφορα προβλήματα που αντιμετωπίζουν κατά περιοχή και ο τρόπος που εξυπηρετούνται τα χωριά της Χίου για να καλυφτούν οι ανάγκες τους. Ιδιαίτερες αναφορές και επισημάνσεις, γίνονται για το έντονο φαινόμενο της υφαλμύρινσης των νερών σαν φυσιολογικό επακόλουθο των υπεραντλήσεων, στην εμφάνιση υδραργύρου στο νερό, στις μεγάλες απώλειες προς την θάλασσα και στα δίκτυα μεταφοράς νερού σε συνδυασμό με τα τεχνικά έργα. Στο τέλος της εργασίας, παρουσιάζονται μια σειρά από συμπεράσματα και προτάσεις, που σκοπό έχουν την ορθολογική αξιοποίηση των υδατικών πόρων του νησιού

In the present master thesis, reference is made to water resources of the Island of Chios, from 1981 to the present. Many are the problems that have arisen, not only due to lack of rainfall on the island but also due to the mismanagement of whatever water is available. The significantly large number of drilling that has taken place at various locations on the island has exacerbated the situation. The effect of overpumping -without any consideration of the consequences- on the underground water reserves, has had a series of devastating effects on the aquifers. The increasing concentration of chloride, is the direct result of excessive pumping, creating adverse conditions with negative effects on the quality of the groundwater systems of Chios. The Office of the Northeastern Aegean Region in cooperation with the Municipality of Chios, in the course of implementing a comprehensive plan to address problems related to water resources of the island, started technical construction projects throughout the island a few years ago. The plan proposes the construction of desalination plants, reservoirs and dams in order to exploit surface water runoff. The study covers the entire island. Emphasis is placed on the hydrological conditions of the Korakaris mountain basin, which covers most of the water and irrigation needs of the capital city of Chios. GENERAL DATA OF THE ISLAND The island has an area of 844 km2 and a coastline of 227 km in length. It is the fifth area largest island in size with a population of about 60,000 residents. ix RAINFALL DATA AND AVAILABLE WATER RESOURCES Rainfalls in various areas of Chios have had wide fluctuations in recent years, as it is shown in the graph below, which reflects the annual rainfall in the three sections of the Prefecture of Chios for the years 1996 to 2008. Image: Amount of annual rainfalls on the island of Chios What is remarkable is the very low precipitation during the period 1999 - 2000, with rainfalls in the south not exceeding 200 mm (intense drought), while the higher rainfall (1.675 mm) occurred in the period 1995 -1996 in the northern part of the island . The rainfall data are derived from the official raingauge stations of the Ministry of Rural Development and Food which operate on the island of Chios. Structure of the master thesis The present master thesis contains 9 chapters, presented in a particular order in order to arrive at conclusions and make some proposals on the management of water resources. In the first chapter, introductory data relating to the framework upon which this master thesis was realized are presented. In the second chapter, reference is made to the geology and geomorphology of the island and presents the main characteristics of both the subsoil and the topography of the island. The third chapter presents the hydrolithology of the island. In the second part of the chapter, reference is made to the hydrogeological data with particular reference to the main hydrological basins, which meet the needs of the capital city of Chios. In part three the hydrological basin of Korakaris mountain is presented, with the most recent data available up to 2003 and the fourth part of the chapter refers to the aquifers of the island. The fourth chapter, outlines the areas of water sampling points with recent data from the study of Mr. P. Giannoulopoulos & Mr. I. Lappas, with EU funding, by the Institute of Geology & Mineral Exploration of Greece (IGME). In the fifth chapter, reference is made to the surface runoff and the streams of the island. It also refers to the hydrological balance of the Parthenis river basinfor the year 1981. Furthermore , the hydrological balance of the principal river basins of Chios, is presented with recent data from the year 2008. The research was condused by Mr. P. Giannoulopoulos & Mr. I. Lappas, with EU funding, by the Institute of Geology & Mineral Exploration of Greece (IGME). The sixth chapter, outlines the main technical works for the exploitation of surface runoffs (desalination plants, filter stations, reservoirs and dams) already constructed or planned to be constructed. The seventh chapter, refers to comprehensive report on the general water conditions whist exists on the island, according to the president of Municipal Company of Chios for Water Supply & Wastewaster Disposal, Mr. Michael Futousis. The eighth chapter presents the water quality of Chios, with data gathered between 1969 and 2008 and the possible water contamination sources are pinpointed. Reference is also made to the existence of Mercury (Hg) in the underground water. The ninth and final chapter, presents the general conclusions resulting from this thesis and makes all the appropriate recommendations which ensue.