Ποιότητα και μέτρα διαχείρισης των υδάτων κολύμβησης, σε συμμόρφωση με τις διατάξεις της Οδηγίας 2006/7/ΕΚ. Η περίπτωση του Δήμου Μαρκοπούλου Μεσογαίας

Abstract

Ο στόχος της παρούσας πτυχιακής εργασίας είναι διττός. Περιγράφεται η εφαρμογή της Οδηγίας 2006/7/ΕΕ στην Ελλάδα και η πορεία υλοποίησης του συνόλου των απαιτήσεων που θέτει (η Οδηγία) συγκριτικά με τα χρονοδιαγράμματα που τίθενται από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση. Επιπλέον, περιγράφεται η εφαρμογή της Οδηγίας στο Δήμο Μαρκοπούλου Μεσογαίας και συγκεκριμένα η μεθοδολογία βάσει της οποίας συντάχθηκαν οι Ταυτότητες των Υδάτων Κολύμβησης (Beach Profiles) που αφορούν τις κολυμβητικές ακτές του Δ. Μαρκοπούλου, που παρακλουθούνται από την Ειδική Γραμματεία Υδάτων του Υπουργείου Περιβάλλοντος Ενέργειας και Κλιματικής Αλλαγής. Η κατάρτιση του μητρώου ταυτοτήτων των υδάτων κολύμβησης της Ελλάδας, πραγματοποιείται σύμφωνα με τις απαιτήσεις της Οδηγίας 2006/7/ΕΚ και της ΚΥΑ 8600/416/Ε103/2009. Στόχος του μητρώου ταυτοτήτων είναι η περιγραφή και παρουσίαση των βασικών χαρακτηριστικών των υδάτων, η αναγνώριση των πηγών ρύπανσης που ενδέχεται να επηρεάσουν την ποιότητά τους, και η αξιολόγηση του μεγέθους των επιπτώσεων. Το μητρώο ταυτοτήτων αποτελεί οδηγό για την επιλογή των κατάλληλων διαχειριστικών μέτρων για τη διασφάλιση της ποιότητας και την αντιμετώπιση των επιπτώσεων της μόλυνσης στα νερά κολύμβησης, και επιτρέπει την αποτελεσματικότερη διαχείριση των αντίστοιχων πόρων. Ταυτοχρόνως, μέσω του μητρώου, επιτυγχάνεται ενημέρωση των πολιτών σε σχέση με την ποιότητα των νερών και των διαχειριστικών μέτρων που λαμβάνονται κατά περίπτωση. Στην αρχική διερεύνηση που πραγματοποιήθηκε για κάθε ακτή κολύμβησης αξιολογήθηκε η πληροφορία που συγκεντρώθηκε στο πλαίσιο εφαρμογής της Οδηγίας Πλαίσιο 2000/60/Ε.Κ και αφορά στα ακόλουθα σημεία: Ένταξη της ακτής στην ευρύτερη λεκάνη απορροής ποταμού, Ένταξη της ακτής στο παράκτιο ή μεταβατικό υδάτινο σύστημα (ή λίμνη) όπως αυτά έχουν προσδιοριστεί και κωδικοποιηθεί στην εφαρμογή του Άρθρου 5 της Οδηγίας Πλαίσιο. Αναφορά στο σταθμό παρακολούθησης το υδατικού συστήματος της ακτής που εφαρμόζεται σε εφαρμογή του Άρθρου 8 της Οδηγίας Πλαίσιο. Παρουσία παρακείμενου υδατικού συστήματος που δυνητικά επηρεάζει την ποιότητα της κολυμβητικής ακτής. Πραγματοποιήθηκε διερεύνηση της ένταξης της ακτής εντός περιοχών που έχουν χαρακτηρισθεί ως ευαίσθητες στο πλαίσιο της Οδηγίας 91/271/ΕΟΚ ή έχουν αναγνωριστεί ως ευπρόσβλητες στην παρουσία νιτρικών γεωργικής προέλευσης σύμφωνα με την Οδηγία 91/676/ΕΟΚ, ή ανήκουν σε προστατευόμενες περιοχές (περιοχές δικτύου Natura 2000 κ.α.). Τα παραπάνω στοιχεία καθώς και στοιχεία που αφορούν στη Διοικητική Υπαγωγή της ακτής, στα σημεία δειγματοληψίας και στις αρμόδιες αρχές συλλέγονται οριζόντια για το σύνολο των ακτών και καταχωρούνται αυτόματα μέσω της «εφαρμογής σύνταξης των κολυμβητικών υδάτων» σε κάθε ταυτότητα. Ακόμη, πραγματοποιείται αναζήτηση στο διαδίκτυο που στοχεύει στα ακόλουθα: Αναγνώριση και εξοικείωση με την ακτή και την ευρύτερη περιοχή. Καταγραφή τυχόν συμβάντων περιστασιακής ρύπανσης Αναζήτηση στην ιστοσελίδα www.eyeonearth.eu για πληροφορίες σχετικά με την ακτή και παρατηρήσεις του κοινού. Επιπλέον, αξιολογήθηκαν οι πληροφορίες που συλλέχθηκαν στις Επιτόπιες Επισκέψεις, που πραγματοποιήθηκαν στο πλαίσιο του συγκεκριμένου προγράμματος. Ο Δήμος Μαρκοπούλου, έχει επτά συνολικά ακτές κολύμβησης οι οποίες παρακολουθούνται στο πλαίσιο εφαρμογής των οδηγιών και για τις οποίες καταρτίζονται οι αντίστοιχες ταυτότητες. Οι βασικότερες πηγές ρύπανσης που εντοπίστηκαν στις συγκεκριμένες ακτές κολύμβησης είναι η έλλειψη ολοκληρωμένου συστήματος διαχείρισης των λυμάτων, η παρουσία αγωγών ομβρίων υδάτων που εκβάλλουν στις ακτές και οι παράκτιες σταθερές εγκαταστάσεις (δόμηση, προβλήτες, αγκυροβόλια) που μειώνουν το ενεργό πλάτος της ακτής. Η ρύπανση που προκαλείται είναι πολύ μικρή, αν συνυπολογίσουμε τα αποτελέσματα του προγράμματος παρακολούθησης, σύμφωνα με το οποίο, τα νερά στην περιοχή είναι εξαιρετικής ποιότητας. Αξίζει να σημειωθεί ότι, σύμφωνα με τα διαθέσιμα στοιχεία των ανέμων και της βροχόπτωσης για την περιοχή, κατά την κολυμβητική περίοδο δεν εμφανίζονται ακραία καιρικά φαινόμενα και επομένως, δεν αναμένεται ιδιαίτερη επιβάρυνση της θαλάσσιας περιοχής από οποιονδήποτε από τους παραπάνω παράγοντες.

Protection and management of bathing waters has been one of the first and one of the most successful elements of European Water Policy. The EU Bathing Water Directive (76/160/EEC) has not only set the standards for bathing waters, in terms of safe limits for microbial, physical and chemical quantities, throughout the European Union, but also resulted in an unprecedented public awareness, as bathing water quality affects citizens' daily life. During the past years, significant improvements have been accomplished in water quality according to reports, specifically in coastal bathing areas and inland bathing waters (rivers and lakes). Initiatives to revise the Bathing Water Directive started with the restruction of EU Water Policy by adopting Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) in order to be fully compatible. The standards standards of bathing waters are required to be met and reported on annually by member states; in Greece the Special Secretariat of Water of the Ministry of Environment Energy and Climate Change is the regulatory agency responsible for monitoring water quality and reporting back to the European Community. The establishment of BATHING WATER PROFILES is based on the provisions of the Directive 2006/7/EC concerning the management of bathing water quality, which is incorporated to Greek legislation with the Ministerial Decree 8600/416/E103/2009 (Official Journal of the Greek Government 356B/2009). The Bathing Water Directive seeks to provide information to bathers regarding bathing waters (particularly on the risks bathers may face from potential pollution) and therefore greater public participation in its implementation. Bathing water quality in 2010 was monitored in the framework of the Monitoring Programme of Bathing Water Quality that was implemented under the supervision of the Special Secretariat of Water of the Ministry of Environment Energy and Climate Change. The implementation of the 2010 monitoring programme was based on the provisions of the Directive 2006/7/EC concerning the management of bathing water quality and repealing Directive 76/160/EEC, which is incorporated to Greek legislation with the Ministerial Decree 8600/416/E103/2009 (Official Journal of the Greek Government 356Β/2009). The length of the bathing season for 2010 was identified from June 1st to October 31st. The previous EU Bathing Water Directive (76/160/EEC) required each member state to identify bathing waters and to take all necessary measures to bring these waters up to the quality standards prescribed. A ‘bathing water’ is defined as “… fresh or sea water where bathing is either explicitly authorised and is traditionally practised by a large number of bathers or is not prohibited”. The environmental quality standards are set to protect the environment and public health, and include safe limits for microbiological, physical and chemical quality measures. The directive lays down requirements for sampling frequency, analysis methods, bathing areas inspection and the interpretation of results. It also requires that results obtained in abnormal circumstances are excluded. A record of BATHING WATER PROFILES designated to present and describe the basic water characteristics, to identify potential pollution sources that may affect water quality, and finally to evaluate the magnitude of the effects. The designated BATHING WATER PROFILES consist a guide for selection of appropriate management measures being taken to ensure water quality, to tackle potential impacts on the bathing waters and to develop an effective natural resources management. Simultaneously, through the designated BATHING WATER PROFILES, the public receives appropriate and timely information regarding the results of the monitoring of bathing water quality and risk management measures in the context of any situation. Designated bathing waters are monitored with sampling points, including sampling points within same catchment and located in adjacent waters. A bathing water profile is being established for ansable of monitoring points. An interactive website will present the record of BATHING WATER PROFILES for all bathing waters in which public can participate actively by adding comments that are taking into account both to improve the site and to contribute to the formulation and adaptation of appropriate management measures, so that all bathing waters by the end of 2015 are at least of sufficient quality. Faecal pollutants can come from human sewage, farming activities and livestock (e.g. cattle, sheep), industrial processes, surface water urban drainage, domestic animals (e.g. dogs) and can enter bathing waters via: direct discharges into the marine environment at, or in the vicinity of, the beach; the freshwater network draining into a bathing water, which can be prone to elevated bacterial levels as a result of diffuse pollution and/or point source inputs upstream. The revised Bathing Water Directive (Directive 2006/7/EC) changes the parameters and standards (previous Directive 76/160/EEC) used to assess bathing water quality, classifying waters as ‘excellent’, ‘good’, ‘sufficient’ or ‘poor’. The standards are significantly more strict than those of the current directive and all bathing waters are required to be ‘sufficient’, or better, by 2015. The 2006 Bathing Water Directive outlines requirements with regards to frequency of sampling, methods of analysis and interpretation of the results. The data used for the annual classification of a bathing water will change from a single, one year period to a rolling, four year period; therefore, data from next season will count towards our first compliance report in 2015. In order to calculate the quality of bathing water, samples are taken from each of the sites and are then analysed in labs to quantify the presence of different microbiological indicator bacteria including, Intestinal enterococci (previously faecal streptococci (FS) according to 1976 directive) and Escherichia coli (previously faecal coliforms (FC) according to 1976 directive). Each of these indicators are expressed in terms of a count of colony forming units per 100ml (cfu/100ml). Based on the 90th and 95th percentiles of the samples over the current bathing season along with the previous 3 bathing seasons, the Directive sets limits which can be used to classify each of the bathing water sites into one of 4 refered categories (excellent, good, sufficient, poor). FS and FS are thought to be log10 normally distributed at each of the sites and so this has been taken into account when calculating the percentiles. A site is classed as ‘Excellent’ or ‘Good’ if the 95th percentile falls below the respective stated guideline figures provided by the Directive, if it fails the requirement for both of these categories; the 90th percentile is compared to the ‘Sufficient’ value. If subsequently the 90th percentile exceeds this limit, then the site is classed as ‘Poor’. By the end of 2015, EU member states must aim to classify all bathing waters as ‘Good’ or ‘excellent’ while ensuring that all bathing waters at least meet the standards for the ‘Sufficient’ classification. In the initial investigation, information on each bathing water area was collected and evaluated as a part of the implementation of the Directive 2000/60/EC regarding the following points: Integration of each bathing water within each river basin district; Integration of each bathing water within coastal or transitional waters (or lake) as they were identified and classified during the implementation of Article 5 of Water Framework Directive; Indication of the monitoring of surface water status as it is established during the implementation of Article 5 of Water Framework Directive; Presentation of adjacent water body which may potential affect the bathing water quality. Thoroughly investigation was required for the integration of bathing water which are within areas characterized as sensitive according to the Directive 91/271/EC or recognized as vulnerable due to the presence of nitrates from agricultural sources in accordance with Directive 91/676/EC, or determined as protected areas (network Natura 2000 etc.). All data (including the above) and information regarding each bathing water within administrative districts, the monitoring points and the corresponding authorities are collected horizontally for each bathing water area and recorded automatically via an “editing application of bathing water". Also, internet – based information aims to: Recognition and familiarity with each bathing water and the wider area; Records on reporting and responding to any occasional pollution incidents; Browse the webpage www.eyeonearth.eu for information on bathing water area and comments from the public; Evaluation of the collected information from the on site visits realized under this program.

According to the 2011 report of the Special Secretariat of Water, Ministry of Environment Energy and Climate Change, 2155 monitoring points in 40 Prefectures were represented and the evaluation was conducted in accordance with the requirements of the new Bathing Water Directive, based on overall percentiles of 4 years (2008-2011) of qualitative data; 6 of the 2155 monitoring points are located in inland waters, specifically in lakes, 2149 in coastal waters. Municipality of Markopoulo Mesogaias located in southeastern Attica in the Mesogaian plain, which is about 81.844 km2 of land and at 54 m height. Markopoulo, Agia Triada, Vavrona, Koulidas, Limin Markopoulo, Poria and Chamolia are some of the municipality's settlements. Specifically, the municipality of Markopoulo Mesogaias consists of seven bathing water areas, which are monitored according to the implementation of the provisions, under which the respective profiles will be established. The main pollution sources, identified in these bathing water areas, are the lack of an integrated wastewater management system, the presence of storm water pipes that discharge into the study bathing water areas and the coastal permanent infrastructures (buildings, piers, moorings) that reduce the true shore width. There is minor exposure to water pollution as anyone can consider according to the results of the monitoring program, under which, the bathing waters are excellent in the area. Avlaki, Porto Rafti – Ag. Spyridona, Vravrona and Ag. Marina Chilistra beaches were identified as bathing water areas at the year of 1990. One year later, Kalos Gialos and Porto Rafti were recognized as well as bathing water areas and were included in the framework of the annual monitoring program of bathing water quality under the supervision of the Special Secretariat for Water, Ministry of Environment, Energy, and Climate Change. Monitoring and therefore classification of bathing water quality during bathing water season (from 1 June to 31 Octomber) for the year of 2010 and 2011 accomplished according to the provisions of the Directive 2006/7/EC and evaluated with the comparison of the results of the last four years. Water quality of these bathing water areas meet the required standards and are characterized as excellent. During the monitoring time of the last 4 years, the results showed that the 95% of samples of Intestinal enterococci (previously faecal streptococci according to 1976 directive) not exceed 100 cfu/100 ml while the 95% of samples of Escherichia coli (previously faecal coliforms according to 1976 directive) not exceed 250 cfu/100 ml. It should be noted that, according to the available wind and rainfall data records for Markopoulo area, no extreme weather events will be appeared during bathing season, and therefore, no significant affect from the above factors on the water area is expected. The designated Bathing Water Profile offers a significant challenge to protect and improve Greece's bathing waters and sets out how we propose to transpose the Directive - meeting the requirements to improve public information and boost participation. The Regulations value the importance of partnership working - between Ministry of Environment, Energy, and Climate Change, local authorities and bathing water operators - in delivering the Directive's requirements.