Μεταβολομική (Metabolomics) του ανθρώπινου οργανισμού σε προσομοιούμενες συνθήκες εγκλωβισμού σε ερείπια κτηρίων μετά απο σεισμό

Abstract

Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή, εξετάζεται η χρήση της μεταβολομικής του ανθρώπινου οργανισμού, σαν εργαλείο για την εισαγωγή της χημικής πληροφορίας που προέρχεται από τον εκπνεόμενο αέρα το αίμα και τα ούρα, για τον εντοπισμό ανθρώπων που έχουν εγκλωβιστεί σε κτήρια που έχουν καταρρεύσει μετά από σεισμό. Η μεθοδολογία περιλαμβάνει αρχικά, την ανάπτυξη μιας «θεωρίας εγκλωβισμού» με στόχο την ταξινόμηση και περιγραφή των διαφορετικών καταστάσεων εγκλωβισμού που προκύπτουν με παραμέτρους τον χρόνο εγκλωβισμού και την σοβαρότητα των τραυματισμών. Η περιγραφή των καταστάσεων πραγματοποιήθηκε με όρους νευροενδοκρινικών, σωματικών και μεταβολικών αντιδράσεων που χαρακτηρίζουν την κάθε περίπτωση, ώστε να γίνει επιλογή των ομάδων των εθελοντών που προσομοιάζουν τις διαφορετικές καταστάσεις. Για τις ομάδες των εθελοντών που εξετάστηκαν ακολούθησε σύγκριση και έλεγχος των διαφοροποιήσεων που εμφανίζονται στο σύνολο των πτητικών οργανικών ενώσεων του εκπνεόμενου αέρα σαν αποτέλεσμα των διαφορετικών ή πιο έντονων μεταβολικών διεργασιών για την κάθε κατάσταση. Αρχικά για ομάδα φυσιολογικών εθελοντών προσδιορίστηκαν οι οργανικές ενώσεις που προκύπτουν μετά από ταυτόχρονο έλεγχο, στον εκπνεόμενο αέρα, το αίμα και τα ούρα. Κοινή ουσία και για τα τρία μέσα προσδιορίστηκε η ακετόνη, ενώ το ισοπρένιο εμφανίζεται στον εκπνεόμενο αέρα και το αίμα. Ακολούθησαν μετρήσεις πτητικών οργανικών ενώσεων στον εκπνεόμενο αέρα, ομάδας εθελοντών με έντονο στρες, από τις οποίες προέκυψαν αυξημένα ποσοστά υδρογονανθράκων και κυρίαρχη ένωση την ακετόνη. Τέλος για δύο ομάδες εθελοντών (άνδρες και γυναίκες) που απείχαν από τροφή και νερό για τρεις μέρες προσδιορίστηκαν οι πτητικές οργανικές ενώσεις στον εκπνεόμενο αέρα. Οι μετρήσεις έδειξαν δραματική αύξηση στην ποσότητα της ακετόνης που προσδιορίστηκε, λόγω της αυξημένης παραγωγής των κετοσωμάτων. Μεγάλα ποσοστά προσδιορίστηκαν και για τις ενώσεις ισοπρένιο, φαινόλη και 2-πεντανόνη. Μελλοντικά προτείνεται η μελέτη στοχευμένων πτητικών οργανικών ενώσεων σε μεγαλύτερα δείγματα εθελοντών. Η μελέτη κι άλλων χαρακτηριστικών ομάδων εθελοντών όπως πολυτραυματίες ή άνθρωποι με πανικό κ.α. Επιπλέον λόγω του μεγάλου όγκου της χημικής πληροφορίας που προκύπτει από τις μετρήσεις στον εκπνεόμενο αέρα κρίνεται σκόπιμο η ενίσχυση της εξαγωγής και στατιστικής επεξεργασίας των αποτελεσμάτων με χημειομετρικά εργαλεία. ________________________________

The scope of the present thesis is the examination of using the chemical information derive from expired air, blood and urine in connection with metabolomics of human organism for enhancing search and rescue efforts after an earthquake. Firstly, a specialized theory is proposed for the classification and description of the various categories of people entrapped by building collapse during an earthquake. The classification is based on two operational factors; degree of injuries occurred at the moment of building collapse and duration of entrapment. The description is made on the basis of the possible neuroendocrine, metabolic and physical responses of the potential victims. Furthermore, groups of human volunteers were selected for simulating different states of entrapment as conducted by the proposed theory. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derive from expired air were examined for the differentiations shown in the various categories of entrapment, as a result of different or most intense metabolic processes of the human body. A reference group consisted of healthy volunteers was examined for the VOCs content derive from expired air, blood and urine samples. Results shown that common substance in all three matrixes is acetone whereas isoprene is the substance which is shown in both expired air and blood samples. Moreover VOCs found in expired air of a group of volunteers with intense stress has shown an increase in the total rate of hydrocarbons while acetone prevails again. Two group of volunteers consisted of men and women which abstain from food and water for a three days period were examined as well. VOCs derive from expired air samples for both groups reveal a dramatic increase for acetone. Furthermore increased rates were shown for isoprene, phenol and 2-pentanone. Future work will focus on the determination of specific VOCs in larger number of volunteers along with various other groups of volunteers that simulate other states of entrapment such as multi-injured volunteers or people with panic attacks etc. Additionally the use of chemometrics for quick data exportation and statistical elaboration is essential for managing the large data sets of chemical information. _______

Από την περίληψη θα ληφθούν υπ’ όψη μόνο οι πρώτοι 2500 χαρακτήρες μαζί με τα κενά (~450 λέξεις). Η περίληψη πρέπει να περιλαμβάνει τον στόχο, τη μεθοδολογία και τα αποτελέσματα - συμπεράσματα της διατριβής.

The scope of the present thesis is the examination of using the chemical information derive from expired air, blood and urine in connection with metabolomics of human organism for enhancing search and rescue efforts after an earthquake. Firstly, a specialized theory is proposed for the classification and description of the various categories of people entrapped by building collapse during an earthquake. The classification is based on two operational factors; degree of injuries occurred at the moment of building collapse and duration of entrapment. The description is made on the basis of the possible neuroendocrine, metabolic and physical responses of the potential victims. Furthermore, groups of human volunteers were selected for simulating different states of entrapment as conducted by the proposed theory. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derive from expired air were examined for the differentiations shown in the various categories of entrapment, as a result of different or most intense metabolic processes of the human body. A reference group consisted of healthy volunteers was examined for the VOCs content derive from expired air, blood and urine samples. Results shown that common substance in all three matrixes is acetone whereas isoprene is the substance which is shown in both expired air and blood samples. Moreover VOCs found in expired air of a group of volunteers with intense stress has shown an increase in the total rate of hydrocarbons while acetone prevails again. Two group of volunteers consisted of men and women which abstain from food and water for a three days period were examined as well. VOCs derive from expired air samples for both groups reveal a dramatic increase for acetone. Furthermore increased rates were shown for isoprene, phenol and 2-pentanone. Future work will focus on the determination of specific VOCs in larger number of volunteers along with various other groups of volunteers that simulate other states of entrapment such as multi-injured volunteers or people with panic attacks etc. Additionally the use of chemometrics for quick data exportation and statistical elaboration is essential for managing the large data sets of chemical information. _______

Από την περίληψη θα ληφθούν υπ’ όψη μόνο οι πρώτοι 2500 χαρακτήρες μαζί με τα κενά (~450 λέξεις). Η περίληψη πρέπει να περιλαμβάνει τον στόχο, τη μεθοδολογία και τα αποτελέσματα - συμπεράσματα της διατριβής.

The scope of the present thesis is the examination of using the chemical information derive from expired air, blood and urine in connection with metabolomics of human organism for enhancing search and rescue efforts after an earthquake. Firstly, a specialized theory is proposed for the classification and description of the various categories of people entrapped by building collapse during an earthquake. The classification is based on two operational factors; degree of injuries occurred at the moment of building collapse and duration of entrapment. The description is made on the basis of the possible neuroendocrine, metabolic and physical responses of the potential victims. Furthermore, groups of human volunteers were selected for simulating different states of entrapment as conducted by the proposed theory. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derive from expired air were examined for the differentiations shown in the various categories of entrapment, as a result of different or most intense metabolic processes of the human body. A reference group consisted of healthy volunteers was examined for the VOCs content derive from expired air, blood and urine samples. Results shown that common substance in all three matrixes is acetone whereas isoprene is the substance which is shown in both expired air and blood samples. Moreover VOCs found in expired air of a group of volunteers with intense stress has shown an increase in the total rate of hydrocarbons while acetone prevails again. Two group of volunteers consisted of men and women which abstain from food and water for a three days period were examined as well. VOCs derive from expired air samples for both groups reveal a dramatic increase for acetone. Furthermore increased rates were shown for isoprene, phenol and 2-pentanone. Future work will focus on the determination of specific VOCs in larger number of volunteers along with various other groups of volunteers that simulate other states of entrapment such as multi-injured volunteers or people with panic attacks etc. Additionally the use of chemometrics for quick data exportation and statistical elaboration is essential for managing the large data sets of chemical information. _______

Από την περίληψη θα ληφθούν υπ’ όψη μόνο οι πρώτοι 2500 χαρακτήρες μαζί με τα κενά (~450 λέξεις). Η περίληψη πρέπει να περιλαμβάνει τον στόχο, τη μεθοδολογία και τα αποτελέσματα - συμπεράσματα της διατριβής.

The scope of the present thesis is the examination of using the chemical information derive from expired air, blood and urine in connection with metabolomics of human organism for enhancing search and rescue efforts after an earthquake. Firstly, a specialized theory is proposed for the classification and description of the various categories of people entrapped by building collapse during an earthquake. The classification is based on two operational factors; degree of injuries occurred at the moment of building collapse and duration of entrapment. The description is made on the basis of the possible neuroendocrine, metabolic and physical responses of the potential victims. Furthermore, groups of human volunteers were selected for simulating different states of entrapment as conducted by the proposed theory. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derive from expired air were examined for the differentiations shown in the various categories of entrapment, as a result of different or most intense metabolic processes of the human body. A reference group consisted of healthy volunteers was examined for the VOCs content derive from expired air, blood and urine samples. Results shown that common substance in all three matrixes is acetone whereas isoprene is the substance which is shown in both expired air and blood samples. Moreover VOCs found in expired air of a group of volunteers with intense stress has shown an increase in the total rate of hydrocarbons while acetone prevails again. Two group of volunteers consisted of men and women which abstain from food and water for a three days period were examined as well. VOCs derive from expired air samples for both groups reveal a dramatic increase for acetone. Furthermore increased rates were shown for isoprene, phenol and 2-pentanone. Future work will focus on the determination of specific VOCs in larger number of volunteers along with various other groups of volunteers that simulate other states of entrapment such as multi-injured volunteers or people with panic attacks etc. Additionally the use of chemometrics for quick data exportation and statistical elaboration is essential for managing the large data sets of chemical information.