Variation of NO2 and NOx concentrations between and within 36 European study areas: Results from the ESCAPE study

Cyrys, J; Eeftens, M; Heinrich, J; Ampe, C; Armengaud, A; Beelen, R; Bellander, T; Beregszaszi, T; Birk, M; Cesaroni, G; Cirach, M; de Hoogh, K; De Nazelle, A; de Vocht, F; Declercq, C; Dedele, A; Dimakopoulou, K; Eriksen, K; Galassi, C; Grauleviciene, R; Grivas, G; Gruzieva, O; Gustafsson, AH; Hoffmann, B; Iakovides, M; Ineichen, A; Kramer, U; Lanki, T; Lozano, P; Madsen, C; Meliefste, K; Modig, L; Molter, A; Mosler, G; Nieuwenhuijsen, M; Nonnemacher, M; Oldenwening, M; Peters, A; Pontet, S; Probst-Hensch, N; Quass, U; Raaschou-Nielsen, O; Ranzi, A; Sugiri, D; Stephanou, EG; Taimisto, P; Tsai, M-Y; Vaskovi, E; Villani, S; Wang, M; Brunekreef, B; Hoek, G

dc.contributor.author	Cyrys, J	en
dc.contributor.author	Eeftens, M	en
dc.contributor.author	Heinrich, J	en
dc.contributor.author	Ampe, C	en
dc.contributor.author	Armengaud, A	en
dc.contributor.author	Beelen, R	en
dc.contributor.author	Bellander, T	en
dc.contributor.author	Beregszaszi, T	en
dc.contributor.author	Birk, M	en
dc.contributor.author	Cesaroni, G	en
dc.contributor.author	Cirach, M	en
dc.contributor.author	de Hoogh, K	en
dc.contributor.author	De Nazelle, A	en
dc.contributor.author	de Vocht, F	en
dc.contributor.author	Declercq, C	en
dc.contributor.author	Dedele, A	en
dc.contributor.author	Dimakopoulou, K	en
dc.contributor.author	Eriksen, K	en
dc.contributor.author	Galassi, C	en
dc.contributor.author	Grauleviciene, R	en
dc.contributor.author	Grivas, G	en
dc.contributor.author	Gruzieva, O	en
dc.contributor.author	Gustafsson, AH	en
dc.contributor.author	Hoffmann, B	en
dc.contributor.author	Iakovides, M	en
dc.contributor.author	Ineichen, A	en
dc.contributor.author	Kramer, U	en
dc.contributor.author	Lanki, T	en
dc.contributor.author	Lozano, P	en
dc.contributor.author	Madsen, C	en
dc.contributor.author	Meliefste, K	en
dc.contributor.author	Modig, L	en
dc.contributor.author	Molter, A	en
dc.contributor.author	Mosler, G	en
dc.contributor.author	Nieuwenhuijsen, M	en
dc.contributor.author	Nonnemacher, M	en
dc.contributor.author	Oldenwening, M	en
dc.contributor.author	Peters, A	en
dc.contributor.author	Pontet, S	en
dc.contributor.author	Probst-Hensch, N	en
dc.contributor.author	Quass, U	en
dc.contributor.author	Raaschou-Nielsen, O	en
dc.contributor.author	Ranzi, A	en
dc.contributor.author	Sugiri, D	en
dc.contributor.author	Stephanou, EG	en
dc.contributor.author	Taimisto, P	en
dc.contributor.author	Tsai, M-Y	en
dc.contributor.author	Vaskovi, E	en
dc.contributor.author	Villani, S	en
dc.contributor.author	Wang, M	en
dc.contributor.author	Brunekreef, B	en
dc.contributor.author	Hoek, G	en
dc.date.accessioned	2014-03-01T11:47:20Z
dc.date.available	2014-03-01T11:47:20Z
dc.date.issued	2012	en
dc.identifier.issn	13522310	en
dc.identifier.uri	https://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/38131
dc.subject	Air pollution	en
dc.subject	ESCAPE study	en
dc.subject	Long term	en
dc.subject	NO2	en
dc.subject	NOx	en
dc.subject	Spatial variation	en
dc.subject	Traffic	en
dc.title	Variation of NO2 and NOx concentrations between and within 36 European study areas: Results from the ESCAPE study	en
heal.type	other	en
heal.identifier.primary	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.080	en
heal.identifier.secondary	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.080	en
heal.publicationDate	2012	en
heal.abstract	The ESCAPE study (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects) investigates long-term effects of exposure to air pollution on human health in Europe. This paper documents the spatial variation of measured NO2 and NOx concentrations between and within 36 ESCAPE study areas across Europe.In all study areas NO2 and NOx were measured using standardized methods between October 2008 and April 2011. On average, 41 sites were selected per study area, including regional and urban background as well as street sites. The measurements were conducted in three different seasons, using Ogawa badges. Average concentrations for each site were calculated after adjustment for temporal variation using data obtained from a routine monitor background site.Substantial spatial variability was found in NO2 and NOx concentrations between and within study areas; 40% of the overall NO2 variance was attributable to the variability between study areas and 60% to variability within study areas. The corresponding values for NOx were 30% and 70%. The within-area spatial variability was mostly determined by differences between street and urban background concentrations. The street/urban background concentration ratio for NO2 varied between 1.09 and 3.16 across areas. The highest median concentrations were observed in Southern Europe, the lowest in Northern Europe.In conclusion, we found significant contrasts in annual average NO2 and NOx concentrations between and especially within 36 study areas across Europe. Epidemiological long-term studies should therefore consider different approaches for better characterization of the intra-urban contrasts, either by increasing of the number of monitors or by modelling. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.	en
heal.journalName	Atmospheric Environment	en
dc.identifier.doi	10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.080	en
dc.identifier.volume	62	en
dc.identifier.spage	374	en
dc.identifier.epage	390	en